<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Volker,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I believe part of the issue here is the ambiguity of the English gloss HAVE. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">It may mean at least 3 senses:</div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(1) possess, own</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> {<i>I wish I had a large house</i>}</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(2) be associated with (<a href="http://s.th">s.th</a>., s.o.) in a more or less permanent way </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> {<i>She has two brothers</i>}, {<i>He has red hair</i>}, {<i>Their house has two living rooms</i>}</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(3) have (<a href="http://s.th">s.th</a>., s.o.) at one's disposal in a specific situation, regardless of ownership</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> {<i>Sorry I don't have a pen</i>}, {<i>Do you have an umbrella?</i>}, <br>{<i>I had two friends over yesterday to help me moving</i>}</div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">{x NEEDS y} might be paraphrased as {x needs to HAVE y}, but the expected meaning in that case is the situational sense #3: <br>not X owning Y, but X benefitting from the availability of Y in a specific situation. <br>This is clear from your example {<i>I can't lend you my computer, I need it</i>.}</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Does this imply that the semantic role of X is not POSSESSOR ? Well, not necessarily, considering that the typological concept of "possession" is hardly about ownership (as is sometimes assumed), but about a much more general association between two participants, whether permanent or temporary -- along the lines of the three senses above for <i>have</i>. (Thus I can lend you "my pen" even if it's not actually mine, but the one I happen to hold in my hand.) </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This broader sense can also be made to suit cases where the object of NEED is a verb or a deverbal noun: <br>{<i>They need (to) rest</i>} = 'Getting some rest (in this specific situation) would be beneficial to them.'</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In sum, NEED might indeed be formalized as involving HAVE, as long as "Have" (and "possession") are understood in their situational sense.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="2">Alex</font></span><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></span></font></p><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br></span><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Australian National University</a></font><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><br></span></font></span></font></span><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a><br></span></font></span></div><div><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___</font><br><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></div></div></div></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, 2 Jul 2022 at 12:00, Volker Gast <<a href="mailto:volker.gast@uni-jena.de">volker.gast@uni-jena.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Hi Sebastian,<br>
'need' is primarily a modal, of course. The question is whether 'I need <br>
a bike' means 'I need to have a bike' or something else. I suppose <br>
that's an empirical question. As I wrote in my other mail, 'I need a <br>
computer' seems to have different truth conditions from 'I need to have <br>
a computer', but I'm not sure about this. It would also make sense to <br>
look into the distribution of these elements relative to different types <br>
of polarity contexts, for instance:<br>
<br>
(1) Few students need a computer. (sounds fine to my non-native ears)<br>
<br>
(2) Few students need to have a computer. (no idea how good or bad that <br>
is, and whether it's equivalent to [1])<br>
<br>
If 'need NP' has a different distribution from 'need to HAVE NP', that <br>
could point to different scope relations between the modal component and <br>
the semantic role. I (obviously) haven't thought this through, however.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Volker<br>
<br>
<br>
On 02.07.22 10:41, Sebastian Nordhoff wrote:<br>
> On 7/2/22 09:41, <a href="mailto:volker.gast@uni-jena.de" target="_blank">volker.gast@uni-jena.de</a> wrote:<br>
>> I would say that a Needer is a deontic Possessor while a Wanter is a <br>
>> bouletic possessor.<br>
><br>
> Dear all,<br>
> while I find the idea of modalized Possessors very attractive, they <br>
> run into problems with abstract concepts<br>
><br>
> (1) I need sleep<br>
> (2) I need a break<br>
> (3) I want love<br>
><br>
> Would we say that in (1), the speaker is a deontic possessor of sleep?<br>
><br>
> the expressions for NEED and WANT can often take both nominal and <br>
> verbal compliments, and probably the semantic role would be the same <br>
> in both cases<br>
><br>
> (1') I need to sleep<br>
> (2') I need to rest<br>
> (3') I want to be loved<br>
><br>
> I wonder to what extent possessors can be used for catching this <br>
> generalization.<br>
><br>
> Best wishes<br>
> Sebastian<br>
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