<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
</head>
<body dir="auto">
Dear Zhengda,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I never had the impression that renja had some power connotation - could you provide an example?</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>For example,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>我把這東西送給人家。</div>
<div>Wo ba zhe dongxi song gei renjia</div>
<div>1SG ACC this thing send BEN someone</div>
<div>‘I will give this to someone.’</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>In this phrase renjia simply means ‘someone’, with no connotation to power.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Regards,</div>
<div>Ian<br>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
<blockquote type="cite">05.07.2022 12:03, tangzhengda <tangzhengda@126.com> 작성:<br>
<br>
</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="line-height:1.7;color:#000000;font-size:14px;font-family:Arial">
<div style="margin:0;">Dear typologists,</div>
<div style="margin:0;"><br>
</div>
<div style="margin:0;">Chinese has a commonly used pronoun <i>renjia </i>（人家，people-home）, roughly referring to a third party in dialogues. Elusive as it may be, this socially deictic pronoun is used on the condition that the
<i>renjia</i>-referring person <b><i>takes a priority over</i></b> (e.g. taller, richer, more dominant, or more justified than) a reference party involved in a certain state or event, be it addressor, addressee, or other third parties. </div>
<div style="margin:0;"><br>
</div>
<div style="margin:0;">It means that once <i>renjia</i> is used, the main clause predicate somewhere is obliged to ensure that
<i>renjia </i>takes the priority, which constitutes a special case of 'agreement' in some sense. </div>
<div style="margin:0;"><br>
</div>
<div style="margin:0;">Brown and Gilman (1960)'s Solidarity and Power indices prove powerful in explaining T-V divisions.
<i>Renjia</i> is special in its third-party denotation. </div>
<div style="margin:0;"><br>
</div>
<div style="margin:0;">May I have the honor of your remindings of some similar terms for the 'Powerful, Autonomous Other' in other languages, or some literature.</div>
<div style="margin:0;"><br>
</div>
<div style="margin:0;">Many thanks,</div>
<div style="margin:0;"><br>
</div>
<div style="margin:0;">Zhengda</div>
<div style="margin:0;"><br>
</div>
<div style="margin:0;"><br>
</div>
<p style="margin: 0;"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin: 0;"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin: 0;"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin: 0;"><br>
</p>
<p style="margin: 0;"><br>
</p>
<div style="position:relative;zoom:1">
<p style="margin: 0">--</p>
<div>唐正大</div>
<div>中国社会科学院语言研究所《中国语文》编辑部</div>
<div>北京市建国门内大街5号，100732</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,</div>
<div>No.5 Jianguomennei Dajie, Beijing, China; 100732</div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>
</div>
</div>
<span>_______________________________________________</span><br>
<span>Lingtyp mailing list</span><br>
<span>Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span><br>
<span>https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span><br>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
p
{margin-top:12px;
margin-bottom:12px}
div.WordSection1
{}
--> </style><img alt="" src="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/emaildisclaimer/85A-PolyU_Email_Signature.jpg">
<p><br>
<em><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Disclaimer:</font></em></p>
<p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 0.5in"><i><font color="black" face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span>This message (including any attachments) contains confidential information intended for a specific individual and purpose. If you are not the intended recipient, you
should delete this message and notify the sender and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (the University) immediately. Any disclosure, copying, or distribution of this message, or the taking of any action based on it, is strictly prohibited and may be unlawful.</span></font></i></p>
<p style="margin-left: 0.5in"><i><span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">The University specifically denies any responsibility for the accuracy or quality of information obtained through University E-mail Facilities. Any views and opinions expressed are
only those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the University and the University accepts no liability whatsoever for any losses or damages incurred or caused to any party as a result of the use of such information.</font></span></i></p>
</body>
</html>