<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">If we are talking about the “dropping” (again, a misnomer based on the false assumption that all of the meaning a speaker is attempting to get the hearer to create is supposed to be in the sentence somehow) of things other than the initial elements as well, then we can bring up Japanese, where whole predicates can often be "left out" because they can be understood in the context. There has also been a polarity shift in some cases like the French example where the negative predicate is not produced, but the speaker’s intention is understood as negative:<div class="">There are two loanwords from Chinese, <i class="">zenzen</i> (全然) ‘completely’ and <i class="">betsuni</i> (別に) ‘other’ that can be used alone in some contexts to mean ’nothing at all’ and ’nothing in particular’.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Randy<br class=""><div class="">
<meta charset="UTF-8" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">——</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Professor Randy J. LaPolla</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;" class="">（罗仁地)</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">, PhD FAHA </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Center for Language Sciences</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">, Guangdong</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">, China</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><a href="https://randylapolla.info" class="">https://randylapolla.info</a></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class="">ORCID ID:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: rgb(73, 74, 76); background-color: white;" class=""><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196" class="">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196</a> </span></span> </div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div><span class="" style="font-size: 15px;">邮编：519000</span><br class="" style="font-size: 15px;"><span class="" style="font-size: 15px;">广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路18号木铎楼A302</span><br class="" style="font-size: 15px;"><span class="" style="font-size: 15px;">北京师范大学珠海校区</span><br class="" style="font-size: 15px;"><span class="" style="font-size: 15px;">人文和社会科学高等研究院</span><br class="" style="font-size: 15px;"><span class="" style="font-size: 15px;">语言科学研究中心 </span></div></div><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 4 Nov 2022, at 12:38 PM, Eitan Grossman <<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il" class="">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">Hi all,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">We might be moving away from what David was initially interested in, but because of what Josh wrote, I wanted to share that in Yiddish, non-finite perfective motion verbs with a directional can also be omitted. I understand that this is possible in other Germanic languages, but I don't have any examples (the only ones I ever saw were in German translations of Yiddish spoken texts).</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">(a) er iz arayn-gekumen in hoyz</div><div class=""> he is in.DIR-come in house</div><div class="">'He entered the house'</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">(b) er iz arayn in hoyz</div><div class="">'He entered the house' <br clear="all" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Talmy gives the example:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">(c) bald vi er iz aroyf[getrotn[ oyf dem tretar, iz er arayn[gegangen/gekumen] in der kretschme</div><div class=""> right as he is on[stepped] on the sidewalk, is he in[gone/come] in the tavern</div><div class="">'As soon as he [stepped] onto the sidewalk, he [went/came] into the tavern.'</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Eitan</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" class="">Eitan Grossman<div class="">Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics<br class=""></div><div class="">Department of Linguistics<br class=""></div><div class="">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</div><div class="">Tel: +972 2 588 3809</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class=""></div></div><br class=""><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Nov 3, 2022 at 10:50 PM Joshua Birchall <<a href="mailto:jtbirchall@gmail.com" class="">jtbirchall@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br class=""></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr" class="">For motion events in Aikanã, an isolate language from western Brazil, the verb root <i class="">ware</i> 'go' is often not expressed if a directional morpheme is also used. This gives the impression that the person markers that are usually suffixed onto the verb root are actually prefixed to the directional, which doesn't happen in any other contexts. This seems quite similar to what Marine mentioned about negation in French in terms of pragmatics and predictability.<br class=""><br class=""><i class="">ware-ka-xüne-</i><i class="">ẽ</i><i class=""> </i><br class="">go-1SG-DIR:return-DECL<br class="">'I am going back (home)'<br class=""><br class="">Or:<div class=""><br class=""><i class="">ka-xüne-</i><i class="">ẽ</i><br class="">1SG-DIR:return-DECL<br class="">'I am going back (home)'<br class=""><br class="">Here are some more examples from a grammar sketch that is coming out in January (sorry about the formatting): </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><i class="">baba hapü-ke-muka-a-na <b class="">ka-yã-pü</b><span class=""> </span> <b class="">ka-yã-</b></i><i class=""><b class="">ẽ</b></i><br class="">father cover-3.AG-CLF:eye-1SG.PAT-DS 1SG-DIR:hither-SS 1SG-DIR:hither-DECL <br class="">‘Father covered my eyes and then I came.’<div class="">(van der Voort and Birchall 2023:21)</div><br class=""><div class=""><i class="">ĩwã-are-na <b class="">ka-xü-pa-ne-’eyã-re-’ẽ </b> mama-deri he-pü</i><br class="">like.that-SYMP-DS 1SG-DIR:return-TR-PFV-2PL.PAT-FUT-IMP mother-3.POSS say-SS<br class="">‘“How unfortunate, let me bring you back!”’ his mother said (to the girls).’ <div class="">(van der Voort and Birchall 2023:30)</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div class="">All the best,</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Josh</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Date: Thu, 3 Nov 2022 12:57:59 +0000 (UTC)<br class="">From: MARINE vuillermet <<a href="mailto:marinevui@yahoo.fr" target="_blank" class="">marinevui@yahoo.fr</a>><br class="">To: "<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>"<br class=""> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 98, Issue 3<br class="">Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:1297005634.5547111.1667480279341@mail.yahoo.com" target="_blank" class="">1297005634.5547111.1667480279341@mail.yahoo.com</a>><br class="">Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br class=""><br class="">French speakers very systematically use t'inqui?te! (REC-worry) 'do? worry' to actually mean ne t'inqui?te pas (NEG REC-worry-NEG) 'don't worry'. Here the entire negation is ellipsed, and I see it as a confirmation of it being a very pragmatic phenomenon where very predictable elements can be left unspoken without leading to confusion.<br class="">Best,<br class="">Marine<br class=""><br class="">Marine VuillermetPostdoctoral fellow<span class=""> </span><br class="">-----<br class="">University of Z?rich<br class=""> Department of Comparative LinguisticsOut Of Asia: Linguistic Diversity and Population History<br class=""><br class="">"Humans and flies diverged from a common ancestor about 600 million years ago." (Baum & Smith 2013:5)<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div></div></div></div></div>
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