<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Dear Tom,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Modern French has <i><b>tout à l'heure</b></i> /tutalœr/, which can mean</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><ul><li>“a while ago, earlier today” when combined with past TAM:<br><i>Je l'ai entendu <b>tout à l'heure</b> à la radio.</i> <br>'I heard it on the radio
<u>earlier today</u> .'<br> </li><li>“in a while, later today” when combined with future TAM:<br><i>Je pourrai lui en parler </i><b style="font-style:italic">tout à l'heure</b><i>.</i><br>'I can tell her <u>later today</u>.'</li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">However, <i>tout à l'heure</i> may not refer to the present tense (*<i>elle est au téléphone tout à l'heure</i>.)</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Incidentally, this is a contrast between Modern French and Classical (17th-century) French, where “tout à l'heure” could mean 'right now'. Witness, this famous line in Molière's <i>L'Avare</i> (<a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Moli%C3%A8re_-_L%E2%80%99Avare_1669.djvu/25#:~:text=Hors%20d%E2%80%99ici%20tout%20%C3%A0%20l%E2%80%99heure%2C%20et%20qu%E2%80%99on%20ne%20r%C3%A9plique%20pas" target="_blank">acte I, scène 3</a>), dated 1668:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><ul><li><i>Hors d’ici <b>tout à l’heure</b>, et qu’on ne réplique pas !</i><br>'Go away <u>right now</u>, and do not say a word!'</li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The latter turn of phrase sounds odd to modern ears. In today's French, <i>tout à l'heure</i> necessarily implies a temporal distance from the immediate present, either in the recent past or in the near future.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Alex</div><div><div dir="ltr" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></span></font></p><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br></span><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Australian National University</a></font><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><br></span></font></span></font></span><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a><br></span></font></span></div><div><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___</font><br><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></div></div></div></div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Seino van Breugel</strong> <span dir="auto"><<a href="mailto:seinobreugel@gmail.com" target="_blank">seinobreugel@gmail.com</a>></span><br>Date: Fri, 2 Dec 2022 at 14:52<br>Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Non-present lexemes<br>To: <a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a> <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br></div><br><br><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Dear Tom,<div><br></div><div>In Hindi, the word <b>कल </b>/kal/ means both 'today' and 'yesterday'.</div><div><br></div><div>I Dutch, the exprssions <i><b>eens / een keer </b></i>can both refer to an unknown point of time in the past or future.</div><div>Verbs in Dutch can indicate past or non-past tense. The non-past tense can be interpreted as referring to either present or future time. However, when one of these expressions is used with the non-past tense, the interpretation can only be future time.</div><div>Examples of Dutch:</div><div>Er was <b>eens </b>een prinses. 'Once upon a time, there was a princess.'</div><div>Ik wil <b>eens</b> naar Zwitserland met vakantie gaan. 'One day, I want to go on holiday in Switzerland.'</div><div>Ik was<b> een keer</b> in een kroeg, en toen werd er gevochten. 'Once, I was in a pub, and people were fighting.'</div><div>Ik kom <b>een keer</b> bij je eten. 'One day, I'll come and have dinner at your place.'</div><div><div><br clear="all"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Met vriendelijke groet / Kind regards,<div><br></div><div>Seino</div></div></div></div><br></div></div></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Dec 2, 2022 at 2:36 PM Mike Klein <<a href="mailto:kdogg36@gmail.com" target="_blank">kdogg36@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto">Tom,</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Mandarin adverb 最近 (zuìjìn) can mean either “recently” or “in the near future,” but not “now.”</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Mike Klein</div><div dir="auto">Ph.D., George Mason University </div><div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Dec 2, 2022 at 6:15 AM Tom Koss <<a href="mailto:Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be" target="_blank">Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
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<span lang="EN-GB">Dear all, <u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-GB">I’m looking for any kind of linguistic item (TMA markers, particles, adverbials etc.) that can convey both past- and future-time reference but that do not appear in present contexts.
<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-GB">The items I’m looking for do not have to be “non-present tense” markers in the strict sense, i.e., bound morphemes which have non-present time reference as their core meaning - even though this would be most interesting
of course. They can also be more loosely connected to the verb phrase, have additional, more specific meanings, and/or be compatible with other tense markers.<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-GB">The only criterion is that the items in question allow for both past and future interpretations of the clauses they appear in (the choice between the two depending on non-linguistic or grammatical context), while a
present interpretation is generally <b>not</b> possible. I would also be interested in languages where the expression of a certain grammatical category is similar in the past and future tense(s), while the present tense behaves differently
in some way (see e.g. the Awa Pit example below).<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-GB">Below are a few examples for the phenomenon I am referring to:<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<ul style="margin-bottom:0cm">
<li style="font-size:11pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">Nez Perce (Sahaptian) has a lexeme
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"><i>watiisx
</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">‘one day away’ that can mean ‘tomorrow’ or ‘yesterday’, depending on the tense marking in the respective clause (Deal 2010: 120). The same thing seems to happen with the lexeme
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"><i>kel
</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">in Hindi (Indo-Aryan)
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:11pt">(Kachru 1997: 95)</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"> and with
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"><i>ejo
</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">in Kinyarwanda (Bantu)
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:11pt">(Nkusi 1995: 580)</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">. All three languages have separate lexemes meaning ‘today’.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><u></u><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span><u></u></span></li><li style="font-size:11pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">The lexeme
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"><i>hibajata</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"> in Jarawara (Arawá) is interpreted as ‘later today’ in the absence of
tense marking, and as </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:11pt">‘just now’ in combination with the immediate past marker
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"><i>-ra
</i></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:11pt">(Dixon 2004: 224). There are no examples given where it is translated as ‘right now’ or ‘at this moment’.</span><span><u></u><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span><u></u></span></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">Awa Pit (Barbacoan) has several strategies to mark clausal negation. One of them, the
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><a><span style="font-size:11pt">negative suffix
</span></a></span><span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">-ma</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">, indicates past-time reference in the absence
of tense marking, and future-time reference in combination with the future marker
</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">-ni </span>
</i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">(Curnow 1997: 332/33)</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">. In my assessment, it cannot combine with the imperfective suffix
</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">-mtu</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">,</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">
</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">which is the default marker to express present-time reference in the language.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><u></u><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span><u></u></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-GB">If you can think of similar examples in languages you are familiar with, I would be very interested in knowing more about them, so as to get a better idea about how common such items
with non-present semantics are cross-linguistically, and what their distribution might be. So far, I have mostly found them in the Americas.
<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-GB">Many thanks in advance!<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-GB"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-GB">Best wishes,<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>Tom Koss<u></u> <u></u></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;text-align:justify">
<span lang="EN-US">PhD candidate at the University of Antwerp<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div></div></blockquote></div></div><br>
</blockquote></div>
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