<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Dear all,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">in Finland, prescriptivist laypeople often point out that the Finnish expression "lähiaikoina" (lähi-aiko-i-na near-time-PL-ESSIVE) "should" mean ’in the near future, soon’ (this is how normative dictionaries define its meaning) but is sometimes "wrongly" used in the meaning ’recently, in the near past’ – which some people seem to find exceptionally annoying.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Best</div><div class="">Johanna<br class=""><div class="">
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; border-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; border-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="">--</div><div class="">Univ.Prof. Dr. Johanna Laakso</div><div class="">Universität Wien, Institut für Europäische und Vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft (EVSL)</div><div class="">Abteilung Finno-Ugristik</div><div class="">Campus AAKH Spitalgasse 2-4 Hof 7</div><div class="">A-1090 Wien</div><div class=""><a href="mailto:johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at" class="">johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at</a> • <a href="http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/" class="">http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/</a></div><div class="">Project ELDIA: <a href="http://www.eldia-project.org/" class="">http://www.eldia-project.org/</a> </div><div class=""><br class=""></div></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">Däbritz, Dr. phil. Chris Lasse <<a href="mailto:chris.lasse.daebritz@uni-hamburg.de" class="">chris.lasse.daebritz@uni-hamburg.de</a>> kirjoitti 02.12.2022 kello 14.34:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta charset="UTF-8" class=""><div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" dir="ltr" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;" class=""><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Dear Tom, dear all,</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Nganasan (< Samoyedic < Uralic) has the adverb "talu" meaning both 'tomorrow' and 'yesterday'. See the following paper for a complete description:</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""></p><div class="">Szeverényi, Sándor 2012. The systems of the deictic day names in the Samoyed languages.</div><div class="">In: Tiina Hyytiäinen, Tiina, Lotta Jalava, Janne Saarikivi & Erika Sandman</div><div class="">(eds): Per Urales ad Orientem. Iter polyphonicum multilingue. Festskrift tillägnad</div><div class="">Juha Janhunen på hans sextioårsdag den 12 februari 2012. (Mémoires de la Société</div><div class="">Finno-Ougrienne 264). 465–479, Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society.</div><br class=""><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""></p><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Best</div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="">Chris</div></div><hr tabindex="-1" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; width: 904.53125px;" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""></span><div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><b class="">Von:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> im Auftrag von Tom Koss <<a href="mailto:Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be" class="">Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be</a>><br class=""><b class="">Gesendet:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Freitag, 2. Dezember 2022 12:15:19<br class=""><b class="">An:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp list<br class=""><b class="">Betreff:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[Lingtyp] Non-present lexemes</font><div class=""> </div></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><div class="elementToProof" style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0">Dear all,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0">I’m looking for any kind of linguistic item (TMA markers, particles, adverbials etc.) that can convey both past- and future-time reference but that do not appear in present contexts.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0">The items I’m looking for do not have to be “non-present tense” markers in the strict sense, i.e., bound morphemes which have non-present time reference as their core meaning - even though this would be most interesting of course. They can also be more loosely connected to the verb phrase, have additional, more specific meanings, and/or be compatible with other tense markers.<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0">The only criterion is that the items in question allow for both past and future interpretations of the clauses they appear in (the choice between the two depending on non-linguistic or grammatical context), while a present interpretation is generally<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="ContentPasted0">not</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>possible. I would also be interested in languages where the expression of a certain grammatical category is similar in the past and future tense(s), while the present tense behaves differently in some way (see e.g. the Awa Pit example below).<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0">Below are a few examples for the phenomenon I am referring to:<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0cm;" class=""><li style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">Nez Perce (Sahaptian) has a lexeme<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;"><i class="ContentPasted0">watiisx<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">‘one day away’ that can mean ‘tomorrow’ or ‘yesterday’, depending on the tense marking in the respective clause (Deal 2010: 120). The same thing seems to happen with the lexeme<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;"><i class="ContentPasted0">kel<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">in Hindi (Indo-Aryan)</span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0"><span class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">(Kachru 1997: 95)</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;"><i class="ContentPasted0">ejo<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">in Kinyarwanda (Bantu)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0"><span class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">(Nkusi 1995: 580)</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">. All three languages have separate lexemes meaning ‘today’.</span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0"><o:p class="ContentPasted0"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span></o:p></span></li><li style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">The lexeme<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;"><i class="ContentPasted0">hibajata</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>in Jarawara (Arawá) is interpreted as ‘later today’ in the absence of tense marking, and as<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0"><span class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">‘just now’ in combination with the immediate past marker<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;"><i class="ContentPasted0">-ra<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0"><span class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">(Dixon 2004: 224). There are no examples given where it is translated as ‘right now’ or ‘at this moment’.</span><span class="ContentPasted0"><o:p class="ContentPasted0"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span></o:p></span></span></li><li class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">Awa Pit (Barbacoan) has several strategies to mark clausal negation. One of them, the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0"><a class="ContentPasted0"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">negative suffix<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></a></span><span class=""><i class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">-ma</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">, indicates past-time reference in the absence of tense marking, and future-time reference in combination with the future marker<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">-ni<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">(Curnow 1997: 332/33)</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">. In my assessment, it cannot combine with the imperfective suffix<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">-mtu</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">,</span><i class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0" style="font-size: 11pt;">which is the default marker to express present-time reference in the language.</span><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0"><o:p class="ContentPasted0"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0"><br class=""></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0">If you can think of similar examples in languages you are familiar with, I would be very interested in knowing more about them, so as to get a better idea about how common such items with non-present semantics are cross-linguistically, and what their distribution might be. So far, I have mostly found them in the Americas.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0">Many thanks in advance!<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" class=""><o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" class="ContentPasted0">Best wishes,<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span class=""><span lang="EN-GB" class=""><span class="ContentPasted0">Tom Koss<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" class="ContentPasted0">PhD candidate at the University of Antwerp<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p><br class=""></div></div><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">_______________________________________________</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Lingtyp mailing list</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></body></html>