<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Dear Tom,<div><br></div><div>In Hindi, the word <b>कल </b>/kal/ means both 'today' and 'yesterday'.</div><div><br></div><div>I Dutch, the exprssions <i><b>eens / een keer </b></i>can both refer to an unknown point of time in the past or future.</div><div>Verbs in Dutch can indicate past or non-past tense. The non-past tense can be interpreted as referring to either present or future time. However, when one of these expressions is used with the non-past tense, the interpretation can only be future time.</div><div>Examples of Dutch:</div><div>Er was <b>eens </b>een prinses. 'Once upon a time, there was a princess.'</div><div>Ik wil <b>eens</b> naar Zwitserland met vakantie gaan. 'One day, I want to go on holiday in Switzerland.'</div><div>Ik was<b> een keer</b> in een kroeg, en toen werd er gevochten. 'Once, I was in a pub, and people were fighting.'</div><div>Ik kom <b>een keer</b> bij je eten. 'One day, I'll come and have dinner at your place.'</div><div><div><br clear="all"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Met vriendelijke groet / Kind regards,<div><br></div><div>Seino</div></div></div></div><br></div></div></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Dec 2, 2022 at 2:36 PM Mike Klein <<a href="mailto:kdogg36@gmail.com" target="_blank">kdogg36@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto">Tom,</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Mandarin adverb 最近 (zuìjìn) can mean either “recently” or “in the near future,” but not “now.”</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Mike Klein</div><div dir="auto">Ph.D., George Mason University </div><div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Dec 2, 2022 at 6:15 AM Tom Koss <<a href="mailto:Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be" target="_blank">Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
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<span lang="EN-GB">Dear all, <u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB">I’m looking for any kind of linguistic item (TMA markers, particles, adverbials etc.) that can convey both past- and future-time reference but that do not appear in present contexts.
<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The items I’m looking for do not have to be “non-present tense” markers in the strict sense, i.e., bound morphemes which have non-present time reference as their core meaning - even though this would be most interesting
of course. They can also be more loosely connected to the verb phrase, have additional, more specific meanings, and/or be compatible with other tense markers.<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The only criterion is that the items in question allow for both past and future interpretations of the clauses they appear in (the choice between the two depending on non-linguistic or grammatical context), while a
present interpretation is generally <b>not</b> possible. I would also be interested in languages where the expression of a certain grammatical category is similar in the past and future tense(s), while the present tense behaves differently
in some way (see e.g. the Awa Pit example below).<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Below are a few examples for the phenomenon I am referring to:<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<li style="font-size:11pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">Nez Perce (Sahaptian) has a lexeme
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"><i>watiisx
</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">‘one day away’ that can mean ‘tomorrow’ or ‘yesterday’, depending on the tense marking in the respective clause (Deal 2010: 120). The same thing seems to happen with the lexeme
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"><i>kel
</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">in Hindi (Indo-Aryan)
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:11pt">(Kachru 1997: 95)</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"> and with
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"><i>ejo
</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">in Kinyarwanda (Bantu)
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:11pt">(Nkusi 1995: 580)</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">. All three languages have separate lexemes meaning ‘today’.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><u></u><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span><u></u></span></li><li style="font-size:11pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">The lexeme
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"><i>hibajata</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"> in Jarawara (Arawá) is interpreted as ‘later today’ in the absence of
tense marking, and as </span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:11pt">‘just now’ in combination with the immediate past marker
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt"><i>-ra
</i></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size:11pt">(Dixon 2004: 224). There are no examples given where it is translated as ‘right now’ or ‘at this moment’.</span><span><u></u><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span><u></u></span></span></li><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">Awa Pit (Barbacoan) has several strategies to mark clausal negation. One of them, the
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><a><span style="font-size:11pt">negative suffix
</span></a></span><span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">-ma</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">, indicates past-time reference in the absence
of tense marking, and future-time reference in combination with the future marker
</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">-ni </span>
</i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">(Curnow 1997: 332/33)</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">. In my assessment, it cannot combine with the imperfective suffix
</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">-mtu</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">,</span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">
</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11pt">which is the default marker to express present-time reference in the language.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><u></u><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span><u></u></span></li></ul>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br>
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<span lang="EN-GB">If you can think of similar examples in languages you are familiar with, I would be very interested in knowing more about them, so as to get a better idea about how common such items
with non-present semantics are cross-linguistically, and what their distribution might be. So far, I have mostly found them in the Americas.
<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Many thanks in advance!<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Best wishes,<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span><span lang="EN-GB"><span>Tom Koss<u></u> <u></u></span></span></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-US">PhD candidate at the University of Antwerp<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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