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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE">Dear
all, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE">many,
many thanks for all the responses! I really appreciate it. I hope you forgive me that I cannot respond to every contributor personally. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE">A
few summarizing observations: this phenomenon seems to be much more widespread than I would have assumed, especially in Indo-European and Uralic languages. Also, non-present semantics seems to be associated mostly with adverbs and particles, while verbal paradigms
referring to the non-present are much rarer, the only examples for the latter being the recency/remoteness markers of Piraha, the Macedonian aorist and the perfective aspect in Russian.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE">Within
the group of adverbs, I could make out three different types with more or less equal frequencies: adverbs indicating a short relative distance from the present ('recent past and near future'), adverbs indicating a great relative distance from the present ('remote
past and remote future'), and adverbs indicating an absolute, in most cases intermediate distance from the present ('yesterday and tomorrow', or even 'day before yesterday and day after tomorrow'). For some adverbs, one of the two temporal interpretations
(past or future) is more typical or considered to be ‘the correct one’ by prescriptivists.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE">The
fact that any clausal connective encoding some kind of sequentiality can, by definition, only refer to the non-present is something I hadn’t thought about, so thanks for drawing my attention to it. I maybe should have added to my definition that I am mainly
looking for non-present semantics within simple clauses. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE">Many
thanks again! Please feel free to provide me with further examples in case something else comes to your mind.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE">All
best,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext 0cm;padding:0cm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE">Tom</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Raffaele Simone <raffaele.simone@uniroma3.it><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, December 4, 2022 5:03 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> David Gil <gil@shh.mpg.de>; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] R: Non-present lexemes</font>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Dear friends,</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt">the Italian adverb<i> ora</i> “now” means both “quite recently in the past” and “shortly”.</span></p>
<ol start="1" type="1" style="margin-top:0cm">
<li class="x_MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt">Ne abbiamo parlato ora</span></li></ol>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt">We talked about it an instant ago</span></p>
<ol start="2" type="1" style="margin-top:0cm">
<li class="x_MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt">Ne parleremo ora</span></li></ol>
<p class="x_MsoListParagraph"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt">We shall talk about it in a moment</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt">Best,</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt">Raffaele</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style=""> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"">==============</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Emeritus Professor, Università Roma Tre</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Hon C Lund University</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Membre de l'Académie Royale de Belgique</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"">===============</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Attività e pubblicazioni // Activity and publications
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><b>Da:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>Per conto di </b>David Gil<br>
<b>Inviato:</b> venerdì 2 dicembre 2022 20:07<br>
<b>A:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Oggetto:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Non-present lexemes</p>
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<p>Dear all,</p>
<p>In English, 'this evening', uttered at around 3 or 4 am, can, with a bit of effort, be understood as referring to either the previous evening or the following evening, depending on context, but not to the present time.</p>
<p>In Hebrew, a similar but less marginal (ie. much more common) pattern is evident with
<i>halayla</i> (DEF:night), which, when uttered during daytime, can refer to either the preceding night ('last night') or the following night ('tonight'), but obviously not to the present.</p>
<p>The generalization seems to be that English <i>this </i>/ Hebrew <i>ha=</i> plus part-of-day expression refers to the nearest appropriate part of day to the time of speech, with no inherent specification of relative (past, present or future) time. (With
an added complication for English, which, instead of <i>#this night</i>, has either
<i>last night</i> or <i>tonight </i>for past and future respectively.)</p>
<p>David</p>
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<pre>-- </pre>
<pre>David Gil</pre>
<pre> </pre>
<pre>Senior Scientist (Associate)</pre>
<pre>Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
<pre>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</pre>
<pre>Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</pre>
<pre> </pre>
<pre>Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
<pre>Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713</pre>
<pre>Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302</pre>
<pre> </pre>
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