<div dir="ltr"><div>Dear
<span lang="CS">Björn</span>,</div><div><br></div><div>Yes, absolutely! I realize that my formulation may not have been really clear: what I meant was that the Macedonian aorist might differ from the perfective present of (some) Slavic languages <i>in not having habitual/atemporal uses</i>, not in being able to refer to the future.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>R<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Wiemer, Bjoern <<a href="mailto:wiemerb@uni-mainz.de">wiemerb@uni-mainz.de</a>> escreveu no dia sexta, 9/12/2022 à(s) 11:56:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div class="msg4139946291685080043">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">Dear Riccardo,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">thanks for this mail and the nice example. I must confess that I have been unaware of it (but now see that Tomić adduces such cases in her grammar). However, it is not true
that it differs from PFV.PRS in (other) Slavic languages. You do have exactly the same structure (and the pragmatic background), e.g. in Polish (1) or Russian (2), both constructed (but not so difficult to find):<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="m_4139946291685080043MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:53.25pt">
<u></u><span style="color:black" lang="PL"><span>(1)<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="color:black" lang="PL">Przestań gada-ć, bo Cię stłuk-ę.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="m_4139946291685080043MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:53.25pt"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">stop[pfv].<a href="http://imp.sg" target="_blank">imp.sg</a> speak-inf because 2sg.acc beat[pfv]-npst.1sg<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="m_4139946291685080043MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:53.25pt"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">‘Stop, or I’ll beat you.’<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="m_4139946291685080043MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:53.25pt">
<u></u><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><span>(2)<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="color:black" lang="CS">Perestan‘, a to on-a obid-it-sja.</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="m_4139946291685080043MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:53.25pt"><span style="color:black" lang="CS">stop[pfv].<a href="http://imp.sg" target="_blank">imp.sg</a> otherwise 3sg-f.nom get_offended[pfv]-npst.3sg-rfl<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="m_4139946291685080043MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:53.25pt"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">‘Stop, or she will get offended / gets offended.’<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">I leave open as for whether the PFV.PRS-forms are to be interpreted as future (I prefer to call them non-past, see glossing).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Tomić, Olga Mi</span><span lang="CS">šeska. 2012.
<i>A Grammar of Macedonian</i>. Bloomington, IN: Slavica Publ.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="CS"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="CS">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="CS">Björn.</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Von:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> Lingtyp [mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>]
<b>Im Auftrag von </b>Ric</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">cardo Giomi<br>
<b>Gesendet:</b> Mittwoch, 7. Dezember 2022 18:04<br>
<b>An:</b> Tom Koss <<a href="mailto:Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be" target="_blank">Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Lingtyp list <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Betreff:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] R: Non-present lexemes<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">A short <i>précis </i>in reply to <span lang="EN-US">Björn's second point. Yes, the Macedonian aorist can occur
</span>in future contexts (an example from my student is below), as well as in past ones, but it appears never to refer to present events, and not even to atemporal/habitual/iterative ones (or so I'm told: see my email earlier in this thread). In the last respect,
it differs from the perfective present of (other) Slavic languages.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Gubi=se ili te=ubiv!</i><br>
lose.IMP=REFL or 2SG.ACC=kill.AO<br>
'Get lost or I'll kill you!"<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">That said, it is of course true that this is not a tense marker but an aspect marker (as in fact I stressed in my earlier email), so for sure one could not gloss it "nonpresent". It is however interesting, to me at least, that it doesn't
occur with present or "atemporal" time reference -- the latter being of course a cross-linguistically rather common interpretation of (so-called) presente tenses, as I believe Tom himself has shown in earlier work. And if you go back to Tom's initial inquiry,
this state of affairs seems to meet his question quite exacty (<span lang="EN-GB"> "The items I’m looking for do not have to be “non-present tense” markers in the strict sense [...] The only criterion is that the items in question allow for both past and future
interpretations [...] while a present interpretation is generally <b>not</b> possible").</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">All best,</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Riccardo</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Tom Koss <<a href="mailto:Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be" target="_blank">Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be</a>> escreveu no dia quarta, 7/12/2022 à(s) 16:39:<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;background:white">Dear Björn, </span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<ol type="1" start="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black">
<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">That is a very good point. Even though I would, tentatively and as someone who doesn't know very much about pragmatics, suggest that there might be a difference between "true" sequentiality, marking sequence of
events in real time, and "discursive" sequentiality, used to "link up a verbal (re)action with what has been the topic of the verbal exchange", as you put it. <u></u><u></u></span></li></ol>
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<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<ol type="1" start="2">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black">
<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">The reason I mentioned the Macedonian aorist as being able to refer to both past and future was the following passage from Ricardo's exchange with his student: "when [the aorist is] used with a future meaning,
it generally has the implication of something being 'imminent', like it is a guaranteed and unavoidable event (or a strong promise or threat)".
<u></u><u></u></span></li></ol>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36pt">
<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">As for Russian, I didn't want to say that the present perfective could have a past interpretation. What I had in mind was the Russian perfective as such, irrespective of tense marking, because it typically
has past-time reference with past tense morphology and future-time reference with present tense morphology. The fact that the distinction between past and future reference is conditioned by additional tense marking does not contradict my definition of non-present
items - in my initial inquiry, I explicitly said that the choice between past and future interpretations may be conditioned by grammatical context (which, I strongly assume, is also the case for most temporal adverbs mentioned in this thread). Does that make
sense?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Tom<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Wiemer, Bjoern <<a href="mailto:wiemerb@uni-mainz.de" target="_blank">wiemerb@uni-mainz.de</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, December 7, 2022 12:33 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Tom Koss <<a href="mailto:Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be" target="_blank">Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: [Lingtyp] R: Non-present lexemes</span> <u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:12pt;background:rgb(255,235,156)"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(156,101,0)">CAUTION:</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> This email originated
from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Lieber Tom,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">ich wäre sehr froh, wenn wir zu diesem Thema weiter im engeren Kontakt bleiben könnten. Ich glaube, dieses Thema ist geprägt von einigen Mißverständnissen
in der „mainstream“-Literatur, so daß es sehr wichtig scheint, ganz genau festzulegen, was man mit „present“, „temporal reference“ u.a. Dingen meint. Sehr kurz gesagt: die Futurfunktion des PFV.PRS ergibt sich im Slavischen als spezieller Bereich von „Nonpast-Irrealis“;
was natürlich voraussetzt, daß man auch „Irrealis“ gut eingrenzt…<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Im Anhang noch ein „recent paper“ meinerseits. Ist vielleicht nicht ganz unnütz.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Mit besten Grüßen,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Björn.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Tom Koss<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, December 7, 2022 11:55 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Lingtyp list <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] R: Non-present lexemes<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm;background:white" lang="EN-GB">Dear all, </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm;background:white" lang="EN-GB">many, many thanks for all the responses! I really appreciate it. I hope you forgive
me that I cannot respond to every contributor personally. </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm;background:white" lang="EN-GB">A few summarizing observations: this phenomenon seems to be much more widespread than
I would have assumed, especially in Indo-European and Uralic languages. Also, non-present semantics seems to be associated mostly with adverbs and particles, while verbal paradigms referring to the non-present are much rarer, the only examples for the latter
being the recency/remoteness markers of Piraha, the Macedonian aorist and the perfective aspect in Russian.
</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm;background:white" lang="EN-GB">Within the group of adverbs, I could make out three different types with more or less
equal frequencies: adverbs indicating a short relative distance from the present ('recent past and near future'), adverbs indicating a great relative distance from the present ('remote past and remote future'), and adverbs indicating an absolute, in most cases
intermediate distance from the present ('yesterday and tomorrow', or even 'day before yesterday and day after tomorrow'). For some adverbs, one of the two temporal interpretations (past or future) is more typical or considered to be ‘the correct one’ by prescriptivists.
</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm;background:white" lang="EN-GB">The fact that any clausal connective encoding some kind of sequentiality can, by definition,
only refer to the non-present is something I hadn’t thought about, so thanks for drawing my attention to it. I maybe should have added to my definition that I am mainly looking for non-present semantics within simple clauses.
</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm;background:white" lang="EN-GB">Many thanks again! Please feel free to provide me with further examples in case something
else comes to your mind. </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm;background:white" lang="EN-GB">All best,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm;background:white" lang="EN-GB">Tom</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Raffaele Simone <<a href="mailto:raffaele.simone@uniroma3.it" target="_blank">raffaele.simone@uniroma3.it</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, December 4, 2022 5:03 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>>;
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] R: Non-present lexemes</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(156,101,0)" lang="IT">CAUTION:</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black" lang="IT"> This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not
click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT">Dear friends,</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">the Italian adverb<i> ora</i> “now” means both “quite recently in the past” and “shortly”.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<u></u><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span>1.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Ne abbiamo parlato ora</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">We talked about it an instant ago</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<u></u><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span>2.<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Ne parleremo ora</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">We shall talk about it in a moment</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Best,</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Raffaele</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New"" lang="IT">==============</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New"" lang="IT">Emeritus Professor, Università Roma Tre</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New"" lang="IT">Hon C Lund University</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New"" lang="FR">Membre de l'Académie Royale de Belgique</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New"" lang="FR">Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres de France</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New"" lang="FR">Accademico (corrispondente) della Crusca</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New"" lang="FR">Prix de l'Institut de France-Fondation Bonnefous 2022</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New"" lang="IT">===============</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Courier New"" lang="IT">Attività e pubblicazioni // Activity and publications
<a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Funiroma3.academia.edu%2FRaffaeleSimone&data=05%7C01%7CTom.Koss%40uantwerpen.be%7Cee22d939b87441ee29d308dad84b3c86%7C792e08fb2d544a8eaf72202548136ef6%7C0%7C0%7C638060115009803669%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=T5BeIZ9wnorvhg7JrxQBHOVAznjXqowhhvTlmHAt%2BNQ%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">
http://uniroma3.academia.edu/RaffaeleSimone</a></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT">Da:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<b>Per conto di </b>David Gil<br>
<b>Inviato:</b> venerdì 2 dicembre 2022 20:07<br>
<b>A:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Oggetto:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Non-present lexemes</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span lang="IT">Dear all,</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span lang="IT">In English, 'this evening', uttered at around 3 or 4 am, can, with a bit of effort, be understood as referring to either the previous evening or the following evening, depending on context, but not
to the present time.</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span lang="IT">In Hebrew, a similar but less marginal (ie. much more common) pattern is evident with
<i>halayla</i> (DEF:night), which, when uttered during daytime, can refer to either the preceding night ('last night') or the following night ('tonight'), but obviously not to the present.</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span lang="IT">The generalization seems to be that English
<i>this </i>/ Hebrew <i>ha=</i> plus part-of-day expression refers to the nearest appropriate part of day to the time of speech, with no inherent specification of relative (past, present or future) time. (With an added complication for English, which, instead
of <i>#this night</i>, has either <i>last night</i> or <i>tonight </i>for past and future respectively.)</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span lang="IT">David</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-left:0cm">
<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<pre><span lang="IT">-- </span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT">David Gil</span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT"> </span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT">Senior Scientist (Associate)</span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT">Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT"> </span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT">Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT">Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713</span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302</span><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre><span lang="IT"> </span><u></u><u></u></pre>
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