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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=JA link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> 2022/12/09</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Dear Colleague,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> Satoko Shirai (2020: 467, 476) provides the following information.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> In nDrapa (which belongs to the Qiangic branch of the Tibeto-Burman subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan language family), the time reference of the perfective (<i>-a</i>) is to the non-present time (i.e. either to the past or to the future) when it is used in subordinate clauses and in the “Clause” of the mermaid construction.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Reference<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Shirai, Satoko. 2020. nDrapa. In Tasaku Tsunoda (ed.), <i>Mermaid construction: A compound-predicate construction with biclausal appearance</i>, 465–509. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> Satoko Shirai (p.c., e-mail of 2022/12/09) kindly checked the above information and confirmed that it is correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Tasaku Tsunoda<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"lr oSVbN",serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"lr oSVbN",serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0mm 0mm 0mm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:black'>送信元</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> (Tom Koss <Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be> </span><span style='color:black'>の代理</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>)<br></span><b><span style='color:black'>日付</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>2022</span><span style='color:black'>年</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>12</span><span style='color:black'>月</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>7</span><span style='color:black'>日</span><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'>水曜日</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'> 19:54<br></span><b><span style='color:black'>宛先</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Lingtyp list <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br></span><b><span style='color:black'>件名</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>Re: [Lingtyp] R: Non-present lexemes<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0mm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'>Dear all, </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0mm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'>many, many thanks for all the responses! I really appreciate it. I hope you forgive me that I cannot respond to every contributor personally. </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0mm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'>A few summarizing observations: this phenomenon seems to be much more widespread than I would have assumed, especially in Indo-European and Uralic languages. Also, non-present semantics seems to be associated mostly with adverbs and particles, while verbal paradigms referring to the non-present are much rarer, the only examples for the latter being the recency/remoteness markers of Piraha, the Macedonian aorist and the perfective aspect in Russian. </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0mm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'>Within the group of adverbs, I could make out three different types with more or less equal frequencies: adverbs indicating a short relative distance from the present ('recent past and near future'), adverbs indicating a great relative distance from the present ('remote past and remote future'), and adverbs indicating an absolute, in most cases intermediate distance from the present ('yesterday and tomorrow', or even 'day before yesterday and day after tomorrow'). For some adverbs, one of the two temporal interpretations (past or future) is more typical or considered to be ‘the correct one’ by prescriptivists. </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0mm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'>The fact that any clausal connective encoding some kind of sequentiality can, by definition, only refer to the non-present is something I hadn’t thought about, so thanks for drawing my attention to it. I maybe should have added to my definition that I am mainly looking for non-present semantics within simple clauses. </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0mm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'>Many thanks again! Please feel free to provide me with further examples in case something else comes to your mind. </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0mm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'>All best,</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0mm;background:white;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'>Tom</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:NL-BE'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US><hr size=2 width="98%" align=center></span></div><div id=divRplyFwdMsg><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Raffaele Simone <raffaele.simone@uniroma3.it><br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, December 4, 2022 5:03 PM<br><b>To:</b> David Gil <gil@shh.mpg.de>; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br><b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] R: Non-present lexemes</span><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><div style='border:solid #9C6500 1.0pt;padding:2.0pt 2.0pt 2.0pt 2.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:12.0pt;background:#FFEB9C'><b><span lang=IT style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#9C6500'>CAUTION:</span></b><span lang=IT style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black'> This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=IT><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=IT style='font-size:14.0pt'>Dear friends,</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt'>the Italian adverb<i> ora</i> “now” means both “quite recently in the past” and “shortly”.</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style='margin-top:0mm' start=1 type=1><li class=xmsolistparagraph style='margin-left:0mm;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt'>Ne abbiamo parlato ora</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol><p class=xmsonormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt'>We talked about it an instant ago</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><ol style='margin-top:0mm' start=2 type=1><li class=xmsolistparagraph style='margin-left:0mm;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt'>Ne parleremo ora</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol><p class=xmsolistparagraph><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt'>We shall talk about it in a moment</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt'>Best,</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt'>Raffaele</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=EN-US> </span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=IT style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>==============</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=IT style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Emeritus Professor, Università Roma Tre</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=IT style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Hon C Lund University</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Membre de l'Académie Royale de Belgique</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres de France</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Accademico (corrispondente) della Crusca</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=FR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Prix de l'Institut de France-Fondation Bonnefous 2022</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=IT style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>===============</span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=IT style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Attività e pubblicazioni // Activity and publications <a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Funiroma3.academia.edu%2FRaffaeleSimone&data=05%7C01%7Ctom.koss%40uantwerpen.be%7Cb429efa4eff2415035e208dad696db03%7C792e08fb2d544a8eaf72202548136ef6%7C0%7C0%7C638058242037736669%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=NEVBVJ0AmpFZjueZOuUMJXTEklGNVSOyEyVOc8Rjjgg%3D&reserved=0">http://uniroma3.academia.edu/RaffaeleSimone</a></span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=IT style='font-size:14.0pt'> </span><span lang=IT><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0mm 0mm 0mm'><p class=xmsonormal><b><span lang=IT>Da:</span></b><span lang=IT> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> <b>Per conto di </b>David Gil<br><b>Inviato:</b> venerdì 2 dicembre 2022 20:07<br><b>A:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br><b>Oggetto:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Non-present lexemes<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=xmsonormal><span lang=IT> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=IT>Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=IT>In English, 'this evening', uttered at around 3 or 4 am, can, with a bit of effort, be understood as referring to either the previous evening or the following evening, depending on context, but not to the present time.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=IT>In Hebrew, a similar but less marginal (ie. much more common) pattern is evident with <i>halayla</i> (DEF:night), which, when uttered during daytime, can refer to either the preceding night ('last night') or the following night ('tonight'), but obviously not to the present.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=IT>The generalization seems to be that English <i>this </i>/ Hebrew <i>ha=</i> plus part-of-day expression refers to the nearest appropriate part of day to the time of speech, with no inherent specification of relative (past, present or future) time. (With an added complication for English, which, instead of <i>#this night</i>, has either <i>last night</i> or <i>tonight </i>for past and future respectively.)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=IT>David<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=xmsonormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=IT><o:p> </o:p></span></p><pre><span lang=IT>-- <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT>David Gil<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT> <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT>Senior Scientist (Associate)<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT>Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT>Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT> <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT>Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT>Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT>Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=IT> <o:p></o:p></span></pre></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>_______________________________________________ Lingtyp mailing list Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></body></html>