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<div class="elementToProof"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Hi Christian,</span></div>
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<div class="elementToProof"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ambel (Austronesian > South Halmahera-West New Guinea) has a clitic
<i>ki= </i>which is typically used as a diminutive, but may also function as a marker of respect or affection. The latter uses are clearest when the context rules out a diminutive reading: </span></div>
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e.g.</td>
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ái<br>
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lál</td>
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<b>ki</b>=pa</td>
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n-ab<span style="color:rgb(30, 30, 30);font-family:"Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", wf_segoe-ui_normal, "Helvetica Neue", "BBAlpha Sans", "S60 Sans", Arial, sans-serif;background-color:rgb(244, 244, 244);display:inline !important" class="ContentPasted3">í</span></td>
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n-anán</td>
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dog </td>
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big</td>
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<b>KI=</b>ART</td>
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3SG.AN-want</td>
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3SG.AN-eat</td>
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'The big dog (whom I love) wants to eat.'</td>
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There's more on the form and function of <i>ki=</i> in the Ambel grammar, sections 3.10 and 6.2.4: <a href="https://laura-arnold.org/documents/Arnold_2018_AGrammarOfAmbel.pdf" id="LPlnk974920">https://laura-arnold.org/documents/Arnold_2018_AGrammarOfAmbel.pdf</a></div>
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All the best,</div>
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Laura</div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Paolo Ramat <paoram@unipv.it><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, January 12, 2023 10:38<br>
<b>To:</b> Christian Döhler <christian.doehler@posteo.de><br>
<b>Cc:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Affectionate or sympathy marking</font>
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<div dir="ltr">Italian (and Dutch) make use of suffixes to denote sympathy, empathy or affection:
<div>il cagn<i>etto,</i> il cagno<i>lino </i>"the little dog" (Dutch -<i>tje</i>, -<i>kje
</i>etc.). Wolfgang Dressler and his team have many publications on this.</div>
<div>Best,</div>
<div>Paolo<br clear="all">
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<div dir="ltr"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">Prof. Dr. Paolo Ramat</span>
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<div>Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Socio corrispondente<br>
<div>'Academia Europaea'</div>
<div>'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary Member</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>Università di Pavia (retired)</div>
<div>Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)</div>
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<div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia</div>
<div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">##39 0382 27027</div>
<div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">347 044 98 44</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_attr">Il giorno gio 12 gen 2023 alle ore 11:10 Christian Döhler <<a href="mailto:christian.doehler@posteo.de">christian.doehler@posteo.de</a>> ha scritto:<br>
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<div>Dear colleagues,<br>
<br>
I am looking for publications that address the difference between (1) and (2). In (2), the English adjective
<i>poor</i> is used to signal the speaker's sympathy or affection towards the dog.<br>
<ol>
<li><i>The dog is waiting for its owner.</i></li><li><i>The poor dog is waiting for its owner.</i></li></ol>
While English (and my native German) does this by extending the meaning of the adjective
<i>poor </i>(and <i>arm</i> in German), other languages have special words with only that meaning. For example, Komnzo
<i>bana </i>is a postposed adjective that only conveys sympathy. <br>
<br>
<i> ni bananzo namnzr karen.</i><br>
<i> </i>ni bana=nzo na\m/nzr kar=en<br>
1NSG SYMP=only 1PL:NPST:IPFV/stay village=LOC<br>
'Only we poor guys stay behind in the village' (subtext: 'while the others are going to the celebration in the neighbouring village')<br>
(NSG = non-singular, SYMP = sympathy marker, NPST = nonpast)<br>
<br>
Yet other languages seem to have special verb morphology for this. Van Tongeren describes this for Suki (her PhD grammar will probably be available later this year).<br>
<br>
Pointers to more examples and publications of this are most welcome. I was googling this with keywords like "sympathy", "empathy", "affection", but with not much luck. So there might be a whole literature on this phenomenon under different terminology. If that's
the case, then please excuse my ignorance.<i><br>
</i><br>
Very Best,<br>
Christian<br>
<br>
<pre cols="72">--
Dr. Christian Döhler
Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS)
Schützenstraße 18
10117 Berlin
Raum: 445
Tel.: +49 30 20192 412
<a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920" target="_blank">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920</a>
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