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Following on from Jane’s email, such particles are widely found across Australian languages, including non-Pama-Nyungan languages. Eg Garrwa (and Yanyuwa) ‘kurda’ and Gija gaage- (the Gija forms inflect for gender). They can be used as compassionate responses

 as stand alone particles (response token), or they can be used turn initially or finally to express compassion over what has just been said, or is about to be said. They are usually used to express compassion over another’s misfortune, but can also be used

 affectionately. We have examples of them being used for people, animals and country. 

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Ilana Mushin</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Professor of Linguistics</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Deputy Head of School</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">President, Australian Linguistic Society<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><img webkitattachmentid="166167bc-e554-436f-9b85-caefd9cc9de6" width="58" height="78" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01D66B4B.271B7B40" alt="/var/folders/lv/m77kqy0n4x1_rcd3pk0j2n900000gq/T/com.microsoft.Outlook/WebArchiveCopyPasteTempFiles/il.pb.png" style="width: 0.6041in; height: 0.8125in;" data-unique-identifier="">Co-Editor, <i>Interactional

 Linguistics</i> (<a href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/il">https://benjamins.com/catalog/il</a>) <o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span lang="EN-US">School of Languages and Cultures</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span lang="EN-US">University of Queensland</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span lang="EN-US">St Lucia, QLD 4072.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Ph: <a href="tel:(07)%203365%206810" dir="ltr" x-apple-data-detectors="true" x-apple-data-detectors-type="telephone" x-apple-data-detectors-result="1">(07)

 3365 6810</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">CRICOS Provider No: 00025B<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></p>

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">I acknowledge the Jagera and Turrbal peoples on whose land I live and work. Their sovereignty was never ceded.</b></p>

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<blockquote type="cite">On 13 Jan 2023, at 8:00 am, Jane Simpson <jansimps@gmail.com> wrote:<br>

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<div dir="ltr">Many Australian Pama-Nyungan languages have a nominal which semantically expresses both sympathy and affection, and syntactically is used as an expression of sympathy to an interlocutor (roughly equivalent to English 'Poor you!' or 'Poor thing'!),

 and to refer to third parties, whether as an argument or in apposition to an argument.  Here are some examples from  Warlpiri

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<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:LinLibertineOB-Identity-H">wiyarrpa </span>

<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:LinLibertineO-Identity-H">(N): (La,Ny,Y) </span>

<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineO-Identity-H">dear (term of affection), unfortunate, poor thing. [expression of sympathy, concern, affection and closeness with some being].<br>

◆ <span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LMSans10-Regular-Identity-H">Wiyarrpa nyurnu-jarrija kurdu.

<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineOI-Identity-H">The poor baby got sick.

</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineO-Identity-H">◆ </span>

<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LMSans10-Regular-Identity-H">Wiyarrpa nyinaka kulu-wangu.

<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineOI-Identity-H">Don’t get into a fight, you poor thing!

</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineO-Identity-H">◆ </span>

<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LMSans10-Regular-Identity-H">Wiyarrparlunpaju yungu.

<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineOI-Identity-H">That was kind of you to give it to me.

</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineO-Identity-H">◆ </span>

<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LMSans10-Regular-Identity-H">Ngajuku- purdangka

wiyarrpa, milpa wijini. <span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineOI-Identity-H">My poor brother, his eyes are sore.

</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineO-Identity-H">◆ </span>

<span style="font-size:11pt"><font face="LMSans10-Regular-Identity-H">..</font></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineOI-Identity-H"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineO-Identity-H">◆

</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LMSans10-Regular-Identity-H">Kalalu-nyanu payurnu: “Yungkaju waja, wiyarrpaku.” “Nganja

<b>wiyarrparlu</b>. Wiyarrparlu waja, nganja.” </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineOI-Identity-H">They would ask each other for things, “Give me (some) – to my poor self!” “Eat it you poor thing. You poor thing, I say, eat it.”

</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineO-Identity-H">Note: Also used to refer to deceased person in a way that expresses the speaker’s sympathy.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineO-Identity-H">◆

<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LMSans10-Regular-Identity-H">Wiyarrpa-ngurlu-nyanu muku pajurnu.

</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineOI-Identity-H">He cut himself all over grieving over the poor (deceased) person.  </span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineOI-Identity-H">and other examples  .. </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LMSans10-Regular-Identity-H">Kamparru- warnu-patulpalu nyinaja jalya-nyayirni –

<b>wiyarrpa</b>.  </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LinLibertineOI-Identity-H">The people from before were really naked, those dear people.</span></p>

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<p><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:LMSans10-Regular-Identity-H"><b>Wiyarrpa</b> ngula nyangkalu jarntu larrpa-larrpa. </span><span style="font-family:LinLibertineOI-Identity-H;font-size:11pt">Look at that poor skinny dog. </span></p>

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<p class="gmail-p1" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 36px;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:12px;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman"">

Laughren, Mary, Hale, Kenneth, Egan, Jeannie Nungarrayi, Patrick, Marlurrku Paddy Jangala, Hoogenraad, Robert, Nash, David, and Simpson, Jane. 2022.

<i>Warlpiri Encyclopaedic Dictionary: Warlpiri yimi-kirli manu jaru-kurlu</i>. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.</p>

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-- <br>

<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">Jane Simpson<br>

Private e-mail</div>

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