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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear Christian, dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Cross-linguistically, diminutives often take on those meanings (see Ponsonnet 2018).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">In the history of Mojeño, a former diminutive is now specialized in the expression of compassion (Rose 2018). Another diminutive has emerged, that is already seen to be used also with
emotional functions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Françoise<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Ponsonnet, Maïa. 2018. A preliminary typology of emotional connotations in morphological diminutives and augmentatives.
<i>Studies in Language</i> 42(1). 17–50. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(doi:</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.00002.pon"><span lang="EN-US">10.1075/sl.00002.pon</span></a><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Rose, Françoise. 2018. The rise and fall of Mojeño diminutives through the centuries.
</span><i>Studies in Language</i> 42(1). 146–181.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>De :</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>De la part de</b> Christian Döhler<br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> jeudi 12 janvier 2023 11:10<br>
<b>À :</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Objet :</b> [Lingtyp] Affectionate or sympathy marking<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dear colleagues,<br>
<br>
I am looking for publications that address the difference between (1) and (2). In (2), the English adjective
<i>poor</i> is used to signal the speaker's sympathy or affection towards the dog.<o:p></o:p></p>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<i>The dog is waiting for its owner.</i><o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<i>The poor dog is waiting for its owner.</i><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal">While English (and my native German) does this by extending the meaning of the adjective
<i>poor </i>(and <i>arm</i> in German), other languages have special words with only that meaning. For example, Komnzo
<i>bana </i>is a postposed adjective that only conveys sympathy. <br>
<br>
<i> ni bananzo namnzr karen.</i><br>
<i> </i>ni bana=nzo na\m/nzr kar=en<br>
1NSG SYMP=only 1PL:NPST:IPFV/stay village=LOC<br>
'Only we poor guys stay behind in the village' (subtext: 'while the others are going to the celebration in the neighbouring village')<br>
(NSG = non-singular, SYMP = sympathy marker, NPST = nonpast)<br>
<br>
Yet other languages seem to have special verb morphology for this. Van Tongeren describes this for Suki (her PhD grammar will probably be available later this year).<br>
<br>
Pointers to more examples and publications of this are most welcome. I was googling this with keywords like "sympathy", "empathy", "affection", but with not much luck. So there might be a whole literature on this phenomenon under different terminology. If that's
the case, then please excuse my ignorance.<i><br>
</i><br>
Very Best,<br>
Christian<br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Dr. Christian Döhler<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS)<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Schützenstraße 18<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>10117 Berlin<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Raum: 445<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Tel.: +49 30 20192 412<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
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