<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Hi Christian,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Nick Evans mentions a number of “affective” devices in Central Alaskan Cup’ik on pp. 199–200 of <i class="">Dying Words</i><span style="font-style: normal;" class=""> (see there for references to primary sources). These are used for meanings like “<b class="">poor dear</b> young man” and “<b class="">shabby old</b> great hunter”.</span></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Other languages in the area are likely to have similar devices (he also mentions Nootka).</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">The only other example I can think of is Russian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86#Russian" class=""><i class="">molodéc</i></a><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">, which is primarily used as an interjection meaning “Good boy/girl!”, but is grammatically a (masculine) noun.</span></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Best wishes,</div><div class="">Siva<br class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 12 Jan 2023, at 8:10 pm, Christian Döhler <<a href="mailto:christian.doehler@posteo.de" class="">christian.doehler@posteo.de</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
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Dear colleagues,<br class="">
<br class="">
I am looking for publications that address the difference between
(1) and (2). In (2), the English adjective <i class="">poor</i> is used to
signal the speaker's sympathy or affection towards the dog.<br class="">
<ol class="">
<li class=""><i class="">The dog is waiting for its owner.</i></li>
<li class=""><i class="">The poor dog is waiting for its owner.</i></li>
</ol>
While English (and my native German) does this by extending the
meaning of the adjective <i class="">poor </i>(and <i class="">arm</i> in German),
other languages have special words with only that meaning. For
example, Komnzo <i class="">bana </i>is a postposed adjective that only
conveys sympathy. <br class="">
<br class="">
<i class=""> ni bananzo namnzr karen.</i><br class="">
<i class=""> </i>ni bana=nzo na\m/nzr
kar=en<br class="">
1NSG SYMP=only 1PL:NPST:IPFV/stay village=LOC<br class="">
'Only we poor guys stay behind in the village' (subtext: 'while
the others are going to the celebration in the neighbouring
village')<br class="">
(NSG = non-singular, SYMP = sympathy marker, NPST = nonpast)<br class="">
<br class="">
Yet other languages seem to have special verb morphology for this.
Van Tongeren describes this for Suki (her PhD grammar will probably
be available later this year).<br class="">
<br class="">
Pointers to more examples and publications of this are most welcome.
I was googling this with keywords like "sympathy", "empathy",
"affection", but with not much luck. So there might be a whole
literature on this phenomenon under different terminology. If that's
the case, then please excuse my ignorance.<i class=""><br class="">
</i><br class="">
Very Best,<br class="">
Christian<br class="">
<br class="">
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Dr. Christian Döhler
Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS)
Schützenstraße 18
10117 Berlin
Raum: 445
Tel.: +49 30 20192 412
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920</a>
</pre>
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