<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
</head>
<body>
<p>Indonesian has a high-frequency word <i>kasian</i> which
expresses sympathy, empathy and affection. However, unlike
English <i>poor</i> and some of the diminutive forms mentioned
earlier on this thread, Indonesian <i>kasian</i> cannot occur in
clearly attributive constructions; instead, it may occur
predicatively, or, perhaps most commonly, as a free-standing
exclamation.</p>
<p>In this latter usage, it bears a resemblance to the South-African
English <i>shame</i>
(<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nElGCIMf2c">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nElGCIMf2c</a>).</p>
<p>David</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 12/01/2023 19:10, Christian Döhler
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:6e820f70-c396-89aa-5ef0-c0ccedbd8638@posteo.de">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
Dear colleagues,<br>
<br>
I am looking for publications that address the difference between
(1) and (2). In (2), the English adjective <i>poor</i> is used to
signal the speaker's sympathy or affection towards the dog.<br>
<ol>
<li><i>The dog is waiting for its owner.</i></li>
<li><i>The poor dog is waiting for its owner.</i></li>
</ol>
While English (and my native German) does this by extending the
meaning of the adjective <i>poor </i>(and <i>arm</i> in
German), other languages have special words with only that
meaning. For example, Komnzo <i>bana </i>is a postposed
adjective that only conveys sympathy. <br>
<br>
<i> ni bananzo namnzr karen.</i><br>
<i> </i>ni bana=nzo na\m/nzr
kar=en<br>
1NSG SYMP=only 1PL:NPST:IPFV/stay village=LOC<br>
'Only we poor guys stay behind in the village' (subtext:
'while the others are going to the celebration in the neighbouring
village')<br>
(NSG = non-singular, SYMP = sympathy marker, NPST = nonpast)<br>
<br>
Yet other languages seem to have special verb morphology for this.
Van Tongeren describes this for Suki (her PhD grammar will
probably be available later this year).<br>
<br>
Pointers to more examples and publications of this are most
welcome. I was googling this with keywords like "sympathy",
"empathy", "affection", but with not much luck. So there might be
a whole literature on this phenomenon under different terminology.
If that's the case, then please excuse my ignorance.<i><br>
</i><br>
Very Best,<br>
Christian<br>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Dr. Christian Döhler
Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS)
Schützenstraße 18
10117 Berlin
Raum: 445
Tel.: +49 30 20192 412
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920" moz-do-not-send="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920</a>
</pre>
<br>
<fieldset class="moz-mime-attachment-header"></fieldset>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302
</pre>
</body>
</html>