<div dir="ltr">Dear Florian,<div>it is great that you provided this Laal example, as it is very similar to the type of folkloric text that came to my mind when I read the original query. It does not seem to fall under the definition of cumulative song, though, as there is no "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_song" target="_blank">progressive addition so that each verse is longer than the verse before</a>". <br>In the languages of Daghestan (but also in Russian), one occasionally finds the texts of this type, which represent "chains" of short question-answer pairs, often with absurdist content. An example below is from Agul (< Nakh-Daghestanian) - I only give the English translation, but you can see the original attached (with the glosses and translation in Russian).<br><br><i>- Where are you going, Chiday?<br>- To the forest.<br>- What to do in the forest?<br>- To cut wood.<br>- What's the cutting of wood for?<br>- To make a bridge.<br>- What's the bridge for?<br>- For water to flow underneath.<br>- What's the water for?<br>- To splash on a hummock.<br>- What's the hummock for?<br>- For young grass to grow on it. <br>- What's the grass for?<br>- For a goat kid to eat.<br>- What's the goat kid for?<br>- To slaughter it with a knife.<br>- What's the knife for?<br>- To hang on someone's side.<br>- What's the side for?<br>- For ants to eat.<br>- What are the ants for?<br>- To kill them by throwing a lump of earth.</i><br><br>I wonder if there is a conventional term for this type of text. (In Russian, they are often referred to as <i>прибаутки</i>, but this term covers a wider range of "children's" folkloric texts.)<br><br>Very best,<br>Timur Maisak<br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">вс, 12 февр. 2023 г. в 22:24, Florian Lionnet <<a href="mailto:flionnet@princeton.edu" target="_blank">flionnet@princeton.edu</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div>
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PS: I just noticed an inconsistency in the glosses of the Laal song. Mid-toned transitive verbs are realized with a L tone when they are followed by their object. This is sometimes not explicitly shown in the glosses (<b>sè</b> 'kill:TR')
and sometimes explicitly analyzed as involving a floating L tone (<b>sē-B</b> 'kill-TR'; 'B' for French "bas' = low). (My most recent analysis does not involve a floating L tone anymore, cf. my forthcoming paper on the tonology of Laal
if interested: <a href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/006820" target="_blank">
https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/006820</a>).<br>
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<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Florian Lionnet</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Assistant Professor</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Director of Undergraduate Studies</span><br>
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<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Program in Linguistics</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Princeton University</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/~flionnet/" target="_blank">http://www.princeton.edu/~flionnet/</a></span></div>
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<div id="m_8838605456927548568m_7204211327083492463m_-1465951567016768925divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Florian Lionnet <<a href="mailto:flionnet@princeton.edu" target="_blank">flionnet@princeton.edu</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, February 12, 2023 2:16 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Zygmunt Frajzyngier <<a href="mailto:zygmunt.frajzyngier@colorado.edu" target="_blank">zygmunt.frajzyngier@colorado.edu</a>>; Claire Bowern <<a href="mailto:clairebowern@gmail.com" target="_blank">clairebowern@gmail.com</a>>; Johanna Mattissen <<a href="mailto:Johanna.Mattissen@uni-koeln.de" target="_blank">Johanna.Mattissen@uni-koeln.de</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] query: cumulative songs</font>
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Dear David,</div>
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There is a cumulative song in Laal (and neighboring languages in southern Chad: Boor, Ba, etc.), which is very similar to the Had Gadya you mention. I paste below the text of the version sung by Nyindu Hyabalo and Assiam Kirga in Gori (Chad) on March 21, 2012
(it seems that they did not remember exactly how the song ends). The original recording and translation/annotation can be found in the Laal collection in the DOBES archive, in open access (see ref. below). Glosses are in French, with a translation in French
and English. I don't know what the origin of the song is, whether it is a local adaptation of a song orignally from elsewhere (and if so where), or even how long it's been known in the region.
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As you will wee, it does not involve embedding. Laal does have relative clauses (and other forms of syntactic embedding), but none are used in the song.
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I hope this is of interest!</div>
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Best,</div>
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Florian<br>
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<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">[Reference: Nyindu Hyabalo, Assiam Kirga, Florian Lionnet, and Sandrine Loncke. 2012. Item "GDM-Go_20120321_F_AK3-NH1_Contes1_1". In collection "Laal". The Language Archive.
<a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1839%2F693a668e-6087-45bf-b32f-c6a736f06ccb&data=05%7C01%7Cflionnet%40princeton.edu%7C7dfdeb65f62141a17be108db0d2db7fa%7C2ff601167431425db5af077d7791bda4%7C0%7C0%7C638118262269074341%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=PhtAacywlqEPoq4WwkSwlwtwE41pLIQB3KIxosAxFQg%3D&reserved=0" alt="Persistent identifier for object GDM-Go_20120321_AK3-NH1_Contes1_1" target="_blank">
https://hdl.handle.net/1839/693a668e-6087-45bf-b32f-c6a736f06ccb</a>. (Accessed 2023-02-12).]</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">ŋguālāg<span>
</span>ò<span> </span>pɨ́r<span>
</span>tuààr<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">chat.sauvage<span>
</span>2SG.SBJ<span> </span>attraper<span>
</span>poulet<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Chat sauvage, pourquoi as-tu attrapé la poule? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Wild cat, why did you catch the chicken? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> <br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">pɨ́r<span>
</span>tuààr<span> </span>ní<span>
</span>tuààr<span> </span>sə̀rí<span>
</span>jāŋāl<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">attraper<span>
</span>poulet<span> </span>et<span>
</span>poulet<span> </span>picorer<span>
</span>termite<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Attrapé la poule et pourquoi la poule a-t-elle picoré le termite? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Catch the chicken and why did the chicken peck the termite?
<br>
</span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">tuààr<span>
</span>ò<span> </span>sə̀rí<span>
</span>jāŋāl<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">poulet<span>
</span>2SG.SBJ<span> </span>picorer<span>
</span>termite<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Poule, pourquoi as-tu picoré le termite? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""><i>Chicken, why did you peck the termite?</i> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">sə̀rí<span>
</span>jāŋāl<span> </span>ní<span>
</span>jāŋāl<span> </span>pɨ́r<span>
</span>ŋguán<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">picorer<span>
</span>termite<span> </span>et<span>
</span>termite<span> </span>attraper<span>
</span>mortier<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Picoré le termite, et Pourquoi le termite a-t-il ingesté (lit. pris) le mortier?</span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Peck the termite and why did the termite infest (lit. take) the mortar? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">jāŋāl<span>
</span>ò<span> </span>pɨ́r<span>
</span>ŋguán<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">termite<span>
</span>2SG.SBJ attraper<span> </span>mortier<span>
</span>pour<span> </span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Termite, pourquoi as-tu infesté le mortier? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Termite, why did you infest the mortar? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">pɨ́r<span>
</span>ŋguán<span> </span>ní<span>
</span>ŋguán<span> </span>se</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">̀</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""><span>
</span>mèrɨ̀m<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">attraper<span>
</span>mortier<span> </span>et<span>
</span>mortier<span> </span>tuer:TR<span>
</span>animal<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Pris le mortier, et pourquoi le mortier a-t-il tué l'animal? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""><i>Infest the mortar and why did the mortar kill the animal?</i> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">ŋguán<span>
</span>ò<span> </span>sē<span>
</span>-B<span> </span>mèrɨ̀m<span>
</span>ɓə̀<span> </span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">mortier<span>
</span>2SG.SBJ<span> </span>tuer:TR<span>
</span>animal<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Mortier, pourquoi as-tu tué l'animal? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Mortar, why did you kill the animal? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">sē<span>
</span>-B<span> </span>mèrɨ̀m<span>
</span>ní<span> </span>mèrɨ̀m<span>
</span>sɨ̄r<span> </span>-B<span>
</span>sū<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">tuer:TR<span>
</span>animal<span> </span>et<span>
</span>animal<span> </span>boire:TR<span>
</span>eau<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Tué l'animal, et pourquoi l'animal a bu l'eau? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Kill the animal and why did the animal drink the water? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">mèrɨ̀m<span>
</span>ò<span> </span>sɨ̀r<span>
</span>sū<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">animal<span>
</span>2SG.SBJ<span> </span>boire:TR<span>
</span>eau<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Animal, pourquoi as-tu bu l'eau? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Animal, why did you drink the water? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> <br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">sɨ̀r<span>
</span>sū<span> </span>ní<span>
</span>sū<span> </span>sè<span>
</span>kū<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">boire:TR<span>
</span>eau<span> </span>et<span>
</span>eau<span> </span>tuer:TR<span>
</span>feu<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Bu l'eau, et pourquoi l'eau a-t-elle éteint le feu? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Drink the water and why did the water extinghish the fire? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">sū<span>
</span>ò<span> </span>sè<span>
</span>kū<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">eau<span>
</span>2SG.SBJ<span> </span>tuer:TR<span>
</span>feu<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Eau, pourquoi as-tu éteint le feu? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Water, why did you extinghish the fire? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">sè<span>
</span>kū<span> </span>ní<span>
</span>kū<span> </span>kàw<span>
</span>nyōō<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">tuer:TR<span>
</span>feu<span> </span>et<span>
</span>feu<span> </span>brûler:TR<span>
</span>herbe.PL<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Eteint le feu et pourquoi le feu a-t-il brûlé l'herbe? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Extinghish the fire and why did the fire burn the grass? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">kū<span>
</span>ò<span> </span>kàw<span>
</span>nyōō<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">feu<span>
</span>2SG.SBJ<span> </span>brûler:TR<span>
</span>herbe.PL<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Feu, pourquoi as-tu brûlé l'herbe? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Fire, why did you burn the grass? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">kàw<span>
</span>nyōō<span> </span>ní<span>
</span>nyōō<span> </span>túrá<span>
</span>jàg<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">brûler:TR<span>
</span>herbe.PL<span> </span>et<span>
</span>herbe.PL<span> </span>perdre<span>
</span>couteau.de.jet<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Brûlé l'herbe et pourquoi l'herbe a-t-elle fait disapara</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">itre
</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">(lit. perdu) le couteau de jet? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Burn the grass and why did the grass make the throwing knife disappear (lit</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">.
why did you lose the throwing knife, </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">i</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">.e. someone lost their throwing
knife in the grass)</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">ò<span>
</span>túrá<span> </span>jàg<span>
</span>ɓə̀<span> </span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">2SG.SBJ<span>
</span>perdre<span> </span>couteau.de.jet<span>
</span>pour<span> </span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">[Herbe], pourquoi as-tu perdu le couteau de jet? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">[Grass], why did you make the throwing knife disappear? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">jàg<span>
</span>ò<span> </span>jàr<span>
</span>muǎŋ<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">couteau.de.jet<span>
</span>2SG.SBJ<span> </span>égorger<span>
</span>personne.PL<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Couteau de jet, pourquoi as-tu égorgé les êtres humains? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Throwing knife, why did you slaughter people? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">jàr<span>
</span>muǎŋ<span> </span>ní<span>
</span>muǎŋ<span> </span>bān<span>
</span>wáŋ<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">égorger<span>
</span>personne.PL<span> </span>et<span>
</span>personne.PL<span> </span>être.nombreux<span>
</span>très(nombreux) pour<span> </span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Egorgé les gens, et pourquoi les êtres humains sont-ils si nombreux? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Slaughter people and why are people so numerous? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">muǎŋ<span>
</span>ùn<span> </span>bān<span>
</span>muǎŋ<span> </span>ɓə̀<span>
</span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">personne.PL<span>
</span>2PL.SBJ<span> </span>être.nombreux<span>
</span>personne.PL<span> </span>pour<span>
</span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Etres humains, pourquoi êtes-vous si nombreux? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">People, why are you so numerous? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">bān<span>
</span>wáŋ<span> </span>ní<span>
</span>mē<span> </span>sòònǔ<span>
</span>ɓə̀<span> </span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">être.nombreux<span>
</span>très(nombreux)<span> </span>et<span>
</span>mort<span> </span>tuer:1PL.EX.OBJ<span>
</span>pour<span> </span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">vi<span>
</span>ideo<span> </span>coord<span>
</span>n<span> </span>vt<span>
</span>-suf.v<span> </span>prep<span>
</span>interr </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Si nombreux, et pourquoi la mort nous tue-t-elle? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">So numerous and why does death kill us? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">mē<span>
</span>ò<span> </span>sòònǔ<span>
</span>ɓə̀<span> </span>yə́ </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">mort<span>
</span>2SG.SBJ<span> </span>tuer:1PL.EX.OBJ<span>
</span>pour<span> </span>quoi </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Mort, pourquoi nous tues-tu? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Death, why do you kill us? </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">sòònǔ<span>
</span>ní<span> </span>muǎŋ... </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">tuer:1PL.EX.OBJ<span>
</span>et<span> </span>personne.PL </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Nous tues, et les êtres humains... </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">Kill us and people… </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">bān<span>
</span>wáŋ... </span></b></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">être.nombreux<span>
</span>très(nombreux) </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">sont si nombreux... </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">are so numerous… </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL""><b>(...)<span>
</span>jààná<span> </span>wúlá<span>
</span> </b></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;text-indent:0.5in;line-height:13pt">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">origine:3N.SG.POSS<span>
</span>se.terminer </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">C'est fini (lit. "son origine est terminée", c'est-à-dire le conte est terminé). </span></i></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Courier;line-height:13pt">
<i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Doulos SIL"">The end (lit. "its origin is finished", i.e. it’s the end of the tale.) </span></i></p>
<br>
</div>
<div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<br>
</div>
<div id="m_8838605456927548568m_7204211327083492463m_-1465951567016768925x_Signature">
<div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<br>
</div>
<p>--</p>
<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Florian Lionnet</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Assistant Professor</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Director of Undergraduate Studies</span><br>
</div>
<div></div>
<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Program in Linguistics</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Princeton University</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/~flionnet/" target="_blank">http://www.princeton.edu/~flionnet/</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="m_8838605456927548568m_7204211327083492463m_-1465951567016768925x_appendonsend"></div>
<hr style="display:inline-block;width:98%">
<div id="m_8838605456927548568m_7204211327083492463m_-1465951567016768925x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Zygmunt Frajzyngier <<a href="mailto:zygmunt.frajzyngier@colorado.edu" target="_blank">zygmunt.frajzyngier@colorado.edu</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, February 12, 2023 12:21 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Claire Bowern <<a href="mailto:clairebowern@gmail.com" target="_blank">clairebowern@gmail.com</a>>; Johanna Mattissen <<a href="mailto:Johanna.Mattissen@uni-koeln.de" target="_blank">Johanna.Mattissen@uni-koeln.de</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] query: cumulative songs</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div lang="EN-US">
<div>
<p><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Thanks, Claire</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Zygmunt</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<div style="border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid rgb(181,196,223);padding:3pt 0in 0in">
<p><b><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black">From: </span>
</b><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Claire Bowern <<a href="mailto:clairebowern@gmail.com" target="_blank">clairebowern@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Sunday, February 12, 2023 at 8:59 AM<br>
<b>To: </b>Johanna Mattissen <<a href="mailto:Johanna.Mattissen@uni-koeln.de" target="_blank">Johanna.Mattissen@uni-koeln.de</a>><br>
<b>Cc: </b>"<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] query: cumulative songs</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div>
<p>A point of clarification seems needed. "Weird" societies refers to the notion that Joseph Henrich's popularized:
<b>W</b>estern, <b>E</b>ducated, <b>I</b>ndustrialized, <b>R</b>ich, <b>D</b>emocratic humans are overrepresented in psychological (and linguistic) studies but their cultures are not representative of the full range of human traits.</p>
<div>
<p>Claire</p>
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<p>On Sun, Feb 12, 2023 at 8:35 AM Johanna Mattissen <<a href="mailto:Johanna.Mattissen@uni-koeln.de" target="_blank">Johanna.Mattissen@uni-koeln.de</a>> wrote:</p>
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<p>Dear David,</p>
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<p>multiple embedding makes me think not of a song, but of bonmots which are intended as mockeries of the German Satzklammer.</p>
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<p>One is attributed to Wolf Schneider:</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Denken Sie, wie schön der Krieger, der die Botschaft, die den Sieg, den die Athener bei Marathon, obwohl sie in der Minderheit waren, nach Athen, das in großer Sorge, ob es die Perser
nicht zerstören würden, schwebte, erfochten hatten, verkündete, brachte, starb!</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Roughly (without the Satzklammer)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Just imagine, in which great way the warrior died who brought the message that announced the victory that Athens achieved at Marathon although they were in the minority, to Athens
that was in great worries that the Persians could destroy the city.</span></p>
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<p>The other one (unknown source) is: </p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Der Grenzpfahl, der bei der Gemeinde, in der das Gefängnis, in dem seit gestern der gesuchte Einbrecher sitzt, liegt, steht, ist umgefallen.
</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:black">The boundary marker has fallen over that is near the town where the prison is in which the wanted burglar sits (with the predicates 'sits, lies, stands, has fallen over' accumulated
in final position).</span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p>Of course, you can easily invent further ones:</p>
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<p>Er fuhr, nachdem er zum Abschied seine Frau, die ihn an das wichtige Manuskript, das noch auf dem Schreibtisch, auf dem große Unordnung, die er selbst zu verantworten hatte, herrschte, lag, erinnert hatte, geküsst hatte, ab.</p>
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<p>(He hit the road after kissing his wife farewell who had reminded him to take the important manuscript with him that had still been lying on his desk amidst a great disorder for which he himself was responsible.)</p>
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<p>All grammatical, but you get entangled in the end. Enjoy!</p>
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<p>Best,</p>
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<p>Johanna</p>
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<p>******************</p>
<address>Dr. Johanna Mattissen</address>
<address>European Legal Linguistics</address>
<address>University of Cologne</address>
<address style="margin-bottom:12pt"><a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erl.uni-koeln.de%2F&data=05%7C01%7Cflionnet%40princeton.edu%7C7dfdeb65f62141a17be108db0d2db7fa%7C2ff601167431425db5af077d7791bda4%7C0%7C0%7C638118262269074341%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=AkU28SkA9t82NABGBsMaLEXbNhZugQi71M1ROG4CGsI%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">www.erl.uni-koeln.de</a></address>
<address>Zeitschrift für Europäische Rechtslinguistik</address>
<address>(Journal for European Legal Linguistics)<br>
<a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-koeln.de%2Findex.php%2Fzerl&data=05%7C01%7Cflionnet%40princeton.edu%7C7dfdeb65f62141a17be108db0d2db7fa%7C2ff601167431425db5af077d7791bda4%7C0%7C0%7C638118262269074341%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=3z8rgMSmqnyAL3I5QglP6XcrUz9bwBJFDs4bPfd5jbg%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">https://journals.ub.uni-koeln.de/index.php/zerl</a>
</address>
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<p>Am 12.02.2023 um 08:13 schrieb David Gil:</p>
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<p>Dear all,</p>
<p>A cumulative song is one in which each unit, or stanza, introduces an additional layer of syntactic embedding, such as the following ...</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">This is the house that Jack built.
</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">This is the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.
</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">This is the rat that ate the malt
</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">That lay in the house that Jack built.
</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">This is the cat </p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">That killed the rat that ate the malt
</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">That lay in the house that Jack built.
</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">This is the dog that worried the cat
</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">That killed the rat that ate the malt
</p>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in">That lay in the house that Jack built.
</p>
<p>... and so forth. Perhaps the earliest example of a cumulative song is the Jewish Aramaic hymn
<i>Had Gadya</i>.</p>
<p>My query: Is anybody familiar with examples of cumulative songs from other non-WEIRD cultures and languages. While my main interest is in "indigenous" attestations, I would also be interested in successful adaptations and translations of western cumulative
songs into other languages.</p>
<p>(Background to the query: I am interested in exploring variation in the propensity of different languages to make use of syntactic embedding. My focus is on languages such as Malay/Indonesian, which have various tools to construct embedded clauses but generally
choose not to make use of them in natural discourse. I would like to test the hypothesis that such cumulative songs are absent or otherwise less successful in such languages.)</p>
<p>Thanks,</p>
<p>David</p>
<p> </p>
<pre>-- </pre>
<pre>David Gil</pre>
<pre> </pre>
<pre>Senior Scientist (Associate)</pre>
<pre>Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
<pre>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</pre>
<pre>Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</pre>
<pre> </pre>
<pre>Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a></pre>
<pre>Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713</pre>
<pre>Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302</pre>
<pre> </pre>
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