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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear Yury – The content of the subordinate clause is by definition backgrounded. I would say it contains the topic, not that it is topical as a whole, but I suppose that’s a matter of definition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Whether an erstwhile relative clause subordinator can attach itself to the focus constituent as a cleft is reinterpreted as a mono-clausal focus construction strikes me an empirical question. I’m not personally
aware of a case in which this happened, but I certainly don’t see an a-priori reason why it couldn’t happen. Heine & Kuteva cite the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">“However, since such constructions tend to involve a copular main clause plus a kind of relative clause, it may also<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">happen that, rather than the copula, it is the relative clause marker that survives and is reinterpreted as a focus marker (see Harris and Campbell 1995:155ff. for an example from Breton).” (Heine & Kuteva
(2004 [2002]: 96)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best -- Juergen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Harris, A. C. & L. Campbell. (1995). Historical syntax in cross-linguistic perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in">Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. (2002). World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="RU" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="RU" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Yury Lander <yulander@yandex.ru><br>
<b>Date: </b>Sunday, February 19, 2023 at 6:44 AM<br>
<b>To: </b>Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77@buffalo.edu>, mohammad rasekh <mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com>, LINGTYP LINGTYP <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] from connector to focus marker<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear Juergen,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">I am not sure the first development may result in a complementizer marking focus, because relative clauses in clefts and pseudoclefts normally describe propositions that serve as topics rather than foci.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Yury<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">19.02.2023, 04:53, "Juergen Bohnemeyer" <jb77@buffalo.edu>:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in">Dear Mohammad – The following may be obvious to you. In which case, please ignore it.
<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in"> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in">There are two reasonably well-established grammaticalization pathways between connectives (and complementizers in particular) and focus markers (that I’m aware of). Both involve clefts. Clefts may involve a complementizer/subordinator
in the subordinate clause, which is often a relative clause or RC-like construction. And clefts may of course grammaticalize into clause-internal focus constructions (or may be misanalyzed as such). You will find examples in Heine & Kuteva (2002). Perhaps
the earliest widely cited treatment of this nexus is Schachter (1973). <span style="font-size:10.0pt">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in"> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in">The second route also involves clefts, but in this case, the connection to complementizers is an indirect one: demonstratives are a common grammaticalization source of both copulas and complementizers, and copulas in turn may find their
way into clefts, which may again grammaticalize into clause-internal focus constructions (etc.). Again, you’ll find examples in Heine & Kuteva (2002).
<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in"> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in">Best – Juergen<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in"> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in">Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. (2002). World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in">Schachter, P. (1973). Focus and relativization. Language 49: 19–46.<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in"> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in"> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Web: </span><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><br>
<br>
</span><span style="color:black">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in">-- <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span lang="RU"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin:0in"><span lang="RU"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:
</span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of mohammad rasekh <<a href="mailto:mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com">mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com</a>><br>
<strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Date: </span></strong>Saturday, February 18, 2023 at 5:06 AM<br>
<strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">To: </span></strong>LINGTYP LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Subject: </span></strong>[Lingtyp] from connector to focus marker</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif">Dear All,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif">There is a particle in Persian (Iranian language) which has multiple functions. This particle is ‘ke’, literally meaning ‘that’. Broadly, it has two general/main functions: a)connector (connecting
complement, relative and adverbial clauses), b) marking some parts of information structure (focus, rhetorical question, mirativity, indifference, etc.). Concerning this particle, I have two questions:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif">First, is there any evidence in other languages in which a particle moves from subordinator to information structure marker? If there is, I appreciate providing me with the sources.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif">Second, the position of ‘ke’ as adverbial clause marker is not fixed. It may appear clause initially, but it moves to different parts of the adverbial clause (not the final position). Actually it
‘shifts’. Is there any evidence in other languages for this ‘subordinator shift’?
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif">Thanks in advance.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#4C76A2">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#4C76A2">Linguistics Department,</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#4C76A2">Bu-Ali Sina University, </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#4C76A2">Hamedan, Iran.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#4C76A2">Postal Code: 6517838695 </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif"><a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbasu.academia.edu%2FMohammadRasekhmahand&data=05%7C01%7Cjb77%40buffalo.edu%7C6ca563e971dd45d2cd6f08db126ea21d%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638124038607478365%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=r527A9cJKKbx0BCa7x%2B3xlNu54ChV348VrOBaCyiWFU%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#4C76A2">https://basu.academia.edu/MohammadRasekhmahand</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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