<html><head></head><body><div class="ydp86475335yahoo-style-wrap" style="font-family:garamond, new york, times, serif;font-size:16px;"><div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false">Dear Jurgen, Dear All,</div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false">Thank you for your comments and the sources. Actually, 'ke' in Persian is used in cleft constructions and it seems the grammatcalization path is from subordinator > focus marker. However, I don't know the related functions, e.g. rhetorical question marker, mirativity marker and indifference marker are related to this development, if they are. </div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false"><br></div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false">And, it has not been clitic in the history of this language, but in marking adverbial clauses, it appears in different positions (not clause finally). </div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false"><br></div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false">Thank you all again.</div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false">Mohammad</div><div><br></div><div class="ydp86475335signature"><div style="font-family:garamond, times, serif;font-size:13px;"><div><font color="#4c76a2" size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand </font></div><div><font color="#4c76a2" size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif">Linguistics Department,</font></div><div><font color="#4c76a2" size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif">Bu-Ali Sina University, </font></div><div><font color="#4c76a2" size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif">Hamedan, Iran.</font></div><div dir="ltr"><font color="#4c76a2" size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif">Postal Code: 6517838695 </font></div><div><a href="https://basu.academia.edu/MohammadRasekhmahand" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><font color="#4c76a2" size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif">https://basu.academia.edu/MohammadRasekhmahand</font></a><br></div></div></div></div>
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On Sunday, February 19, 2023 at 05:22:40 AM GMT+3:30, Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77@buffalo.edu> wrote:
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Dear Mohammad – The following may be obvious to you. In which case, please ignore it.
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">There are two reasonably well-established grammaticalization pathways between connectives (and complementizers in particular) and focus markers (that I’m aware of). Both involve clefts. Clefts may involve
a complementizer/subordinator in the subordinate clause, which is often a relative clause or RC-like construction. And clefts may of course grammaticalize into clause-internal focus constructions (or may be misanalyzed as such). You will find examples in Heine
& Kuteva (2002). Perhaps the earliest widely cited treatment of this nexus is Schachter (1973).
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">The second route also involves clefts, but in this case, the connection to complementizers is an indirect one: demonstratives are a common grammaticalization source of both copulas and complementizers, and
copulas in turn may find their way into clefts, which may again grammaticalize into clause-internal focus constructions (etc.). Again, you’ll find examples in Heine & Kuteva (2002).
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Best – Juergen</span></p>
<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. (2002). World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Schachter, P. (1973). Focus and relativization. Language 49: 19–46.</span></p>
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black;">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br clear="none">
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br clear="none">
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<p style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;" class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of mohammad rasekh <mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com><br clear="none">
<b>Date: </b>Saturday, February 18, 2023 at 5:06 AM<br clear="none">
<b>To: </b>LINGTYP LINGTYP <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br clear="none">
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] from connector to focus marker</span></p>
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851ydp10a8347fmsonormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:serif;">Dear All,</span></p>
<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851ydp10a8347fmsonormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:serif;">There is a particle in Persian (Iranian language) which has multiple functions. This particle is ‘ke’, literally meaning ‘that’. Broadly, it has two general/main functions:
a)connector (connecting complement, relative and adverbial clauses), b) marking some parts of information structure (focus, rhetorical question, mirativity, indifference, etc.). Concerning this particle, I have two questions:</span></p>
<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851ydp10a8347fmsonormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:serif;">First, is there any evidence in other languages in which a particle moves from subordinator to information structure marker? If there is, I appreciate providing me with
the sources.</span></p>
<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851ydp10a8347fmsonormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:serif;">Second, the position of ‘ke’ as adverbial clause marker is not fixed. It may appear clause initially, but it moves to different parts of the adverbial clause (not the
final position). Actually it ‘shifts’. Is there any evidence in other languages for this ‘subordinator shift’?
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851ydp10a8347fmsonormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:serif;">Thanks in advance.</span></p>
<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851ydp10a8347fmsonormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:serif;">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand</span></p>
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#4C76A2;">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand </span><span style="font-family:serif;"></span></p>
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#4C76A2;">Linguistics Department,</span><span style="font-family:serif;"></span></p>
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#4C76A2;">Bu-Ali Sina University, </span><span style="font-family:serif;"></span></p>
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#4C76A2;">Hamedan, Iran.</span><span style="font-family:serif;"></span></p>
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<p class="ydp75c7eba7yiv5383175851MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#4C76A2;">Postal Code: 6517838695 </span><span style="font-family:serif;"></span></p>
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