<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Hi all,</div></div><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div class="msg-7707044465832553738"><div lang="EN-US" style="word-wrap:break-word"><div class="m_4807538912728602417WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt">Whether an erstwhile relative clause subordinator can attach itself to the focus constituent as a cleft is reinterpreted as a mono-clausal focus construction strikes me an empirical question. I’m not personally
aware of a case in which this happened, but I certainly don’t see an a-priori reason why it couldn’t happen. <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt"><u></u></span></p></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>This seems to be what happened in Ancient Egyptian-Coptic (Afroasiatic), where a prefix associated with relativization became a verbal prefix associated with focus. In the following example, it is the past relative prefix nt- that is relevant.</div><div><br></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri;color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:justify"><i><span style="font-family:Palatino">nt-a-u-r-šmmo<span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span> <span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span>erô-tn <span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span>etbe-neu-hbêue<span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span> <span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span>ethoou</span></i><span style="font-family:Palatino"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri;color:rgb(0,0,0);text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:Palatino"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal">foc-pst-3pl</span>-do-stranger<span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span> <span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span>to-<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal">2pl</span><span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span>because-<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal">poss.pl.3pl</span>-deeds<span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span> <span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal">rel</span>-evil</span></p><div><span style="font-family:Palatino;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:11pt;text-align:justify">‘It is</span><span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space" style="font-family:Palatino;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:11pt;text-align:justify"> </span><i style="font-family:Palatino;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:11pt;text-align:justify">because of their evil deeds</i><span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space" style="font-family:Palatino;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:11pt;text-align:justify"> </span><span style="font-family:Palatino;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:11pt;text-align:justify">that they have become strangers to you.’</span></div><div><br></div><div>The diachronic story is complicated, but two things do stand out: (1) the prefixes associated with focus constructions did develop out of relativizers/nominalzers in cleft sentence constructions, (2) synchronically, the construction is not easily analyzed as a biclausal cleft anymore. For discussion, examples, and references, see an old handout <a href="https://www2.hu-berlin.de/predicate_focus_africa/data/2014-06-24_Grossmann_PCF.in.Coptic.pdf">here</a> and for more on how it became a prefix, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331705561_Swimming_against_the_typological_tide_or_paddling_along_with_language_change_Dispreferred_structures_and_diachronic_biases_in_affix_ordering#fullTextFileContent">here</a>.</div><div><br></div><div>Eitan</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div class="msg-7707044465832553738"><div lang="EN-US" style="word-wrap:break-word"><div class="m_4807538912728602417WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt"><div><div><div><div><div><p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">
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<strong><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black">From:
</span></strong><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of mohammad rasekh <<a href="mailto:mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com" target="_blank">mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com</a>><br>
<strong><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Date: </span></strong>Saturday, February 18, 2023 at 5:06 AM<br>
<strong><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To: </span></strong>LINGTYP LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<strong><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Subject: </span></strong>[Lingtyp] from connector to focus marker</span><span style="font-size:10pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Garamond,serif">Dear All,</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Garamond,serif">There is a particle in Persian (Iranian language) which has multiple functions. This particle is ‘ke’, literally meaning ‘that’. Broadly, it has two general/main functions: a)connector (connecting
complement, relative and adverbial clauses), b) marking some parts of information structure (focus, rhetorical question, mirativity, indifference, etc.). Concerning this particle, I have two questions:</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Garamond,serif">First, is there any evidence in other languages in which a particle moves from subordinator to information structure marker? If there is, I appreciate providing me with the sources.</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Garamond,serif">Second, the position of ‘ke’ as adverbial clause marker is not fixed. It may appear clause initially, but it moves to different parts of the adverbial clause (not the final position). Actually it
‘shifts’. Is there any evidence in other languages for this ‘subordinator shift’?
</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Garamond,serif">Thanks in advance.</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Garamond,serif">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Garamond,serif"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Garamond,serif"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand </span><span style="font-size:10pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">Linguistics Department,</span><span style="font-size:10pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">Bu-Ali Sina University, </span><span style="font-size:10pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">Hamedan, Iran.</span><span style="font-size:10pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">Postal Code: 6517838695 </span><span style="font-size:10pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Garamond,serif"><a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbasu.academia.edu%2FMohammadRasekhmahand&data=05%7C01%7Cjb77%40buffalo.edu%7C6ca563e971dd45d2cd6f08db126ea21d%7C96464a8af8ed40b199e25f6b50a20250%7C0%7C0%7C638124038607478365%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=r527A9cJKKbx0BCa7x%2B3xlNu54ChV348VrOBaCyiWFU%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">https://basu.academia.edu/MohammadRasekhmahand</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt">,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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