<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Dear Ponrawee,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">You might be interested in apprehensional epistemics, which express a negative subjective stance towards a possibility, and which are sometimes described as ‚fear‘ markers.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Some references, with no claim as to their comprehensiveness:</div><div class="">
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<div class="column"><p class=""><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4f49f862'" class="">Dobrushina, Nina. 2006. Grammaticheskie formy i konstrukcii so znacheniem opasenija i </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: AdvOT4f49f862;" class="">predosterezhenija [Grammatical forms and constructions with the meaning of fear and
caution]. </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "AdvOTd977ca8f.I";" class="">Voprosy jazykoznanija </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: AdvOT4f49f862;" class="">2. 28</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "AdvOT4f49f862+20";" class="">–</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: AdvOT4f49f862;" class="">67. </span></p><div class="">
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<div class="column"><p class=""><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4f49f862'" class="">Lichtenberk, Frantisek. 1995. Apprehensional epistemics. In Joan Bybee & Suzanne Fleischman </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: AdvOT4f49f862;" class="">(eds.), </span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "AdvOTd977ca8f.I";" class="">Modality in grammar and discourse</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: AdvOT4f49f862;" class="">, 293</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: "AdvOT4f49f862+20";" class="">–</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: AdvOT4f49f862;" class="">327. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</span></p>
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</div><p class=""><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4f49f862'" class="">Vuillermet, Marine. 2018. Grammatical fear morphemes in Ese Ejja. Making the case for a
morphosemantic apprehensional domain. </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOTd977ca8f.I'" class="">Studies in Language </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4f49f862'" class="">42(1). 256</span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4f49f862+20'" class="">–</span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4f49f862'" class="">293. </span></p>
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</div></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">In addition, a 2018 special issue of Studies in Language entitled „Morphology and emotions across the world’s languages“ (<a href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/sl.42.1" class="">https://benjamins.com/catalog/sl.42.1</a>) is surely highly relevant to what you are looking for.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Best,</div><div class="">Bastian</div>
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</div><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">Am 06.03.2023 um 09:29 schrieb Ponrawee Prasertsom <<a href="mailto:ponrawee.pra@gmail.com" class="">ponrawee.pra@gmail.com</a>>:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="">Dear typologists,</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">There has been claims in the literature (Cinque, 2013) that (at least some) speakers' emotional states toward a situation such as "fear" and "worry" are not grammatically encoded in any language, where "grammatically encoded" means not encoded by closed-class items ("closed-class" in a morphosyntactic sense: a group of morphemes that occur in the same slot that do not easily admit new items and/or have few members). <br class=""></div><div class=""> </div><div class="">I am interested in examples of any grammaticalized marker for any emotional states (not necessarily "fear" and "worry"). I am interested in both markers of 1) the <i class="">speaker</i>'s emotional states toward the situation being expressed as well as 2) of the <i class="">subject</i>'s emotional states toward the situation.
The class of the item could be bound (clitics, affixes) or free (particles, auxiliary verbs) as long as it could be shown to be (somewhat) closed. I am only interested in markers specialised for specific emotions, and not, e.g., impoliteness markers that could be used when the speaker is angry.<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">The "(un)happy about the verb" infixes <i class="">-ei</i>- and -<i class="">äng-</i> from the constructed language Na'vi would be the paradigm example of what I am looking for if they actually existed in a natural language.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">
A potential example is Japanese <i class="">-yagatte, </i>which some have told me
have grammaticalised into an affix encoding anger about the action. I'm also looking
into whether there is evidence that this is actually part of a closed-class and would appreciate any
pointers/more information.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Thank you very much in advance.<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Best regards,</div><div class="">Ponrawee Prasertsom</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">PhD student</div><div class="">Centre for Language Evolution<br class=""></div><div class="">University of Edinburgh</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><b class="">References:</b></div><div class="">Cinque, G. (2013). Cognition, universal grammar, and typological generalizations. Lingua, 130, 50–65. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.10.007" class="">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.10.007</a><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""></div></div>
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