<div dir="ltr"><div>Dear Mohammad,</div><div><br></div><div>Since you mentioned connectors in general, and not only subordinators, the following might be of your interest: in (some varieties of) Italian, the adversative conjunction <i>ma </i>is also used as a contrastive/corrective focus, with pretty much any part of speech -- except perhaps finite verbs, at least in my usage:</div><div><br></div><div>A: <i>Hai letto il giornale?</i> B: <i>Ho letto <b>ma </b>un libro.</i></div><div>A: 'Have you read the newspapers?' B: (lit.) "I read <b>but</b> a book" (i.e.'[No,] What I read was a book')</div><div><br></div><div>A: <i>Hai lavorato stamattina?</i> B: <i>Ho <b>ma</b> dormito</i>.</div><div>A: 'Did you work this morning?': B: (lit.) "I have <b>but</b> slept." (i.e. '[No,] What I did was sleep')</div><div><br></div><div>A: <i>Era calda l'acqua?</i> B: <i>Era <b>ma</b> fredda.</i></div><div>A: 'Was the water warm?' B: (lit.) "It was <b>but</b> cold"</div><div><br></div><div>A: <i>Sei venuto in macchina? </i>B: <i>Sono venuto <b>ma</b> in bici.</i></div><div>A: 'Did you come by car?' B: (lit.) "I came <b>but</b> by bike.'</div><div><br></div><div>(etc.)</div><div><br></div><div>The Portuguese cognate <i>mas </i>is also very frequently used in contrastive focus construction, but only in conjunction with the copula <i>ser</i>, either in the present tense or in the tense required by the context: this is a reduced form of the cleft construction already mentioned by Christian Lehmann (also used in Spanish, but without an adversative element):</div><div><br></div><div>A: <i>Comeste o bolo? </i>B: <i>Comi <b>(mas) </b>é/foi uma maçã.</i></div><div>A: 'Did you eat the cake?' B: (lit.) "I ate <b>(but) </b>is/was an apple" (i.e., '[No,] What I ate was an apple.')<br></div><div><br></div><div>Best wishes,</div><div>R<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Timur Maisak <<a href="mailto:timur.maisak@gmail.com">timur.maisak@gmail.com</a>> escreveu no dia segunda, 20/02/2023 à(s) 17:18:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Dear Mohammad,<div><br><div>In Nakh-Daghestanian languages, the position of some grammatical markers (auxiliaries, person markers, pragmatic markers etc.) often depends on the information structure: as a rule, this is being described as the position after the focused constituent (often, encliticized to the focused constituent). In particular, quotative markers in some languages can be placed this way. Although their "default" position is on the right edge of quotes (1), they can be also found earlier in the quote, presumably after the constituent in focus (2). Examples below are from Bagvalal (< Avar-Andic) grammar by Kibrik et al. (2001).<br><br>(1) “χːeχː mašina b-aχːa b-ah-a=ʁala,<br> quickly car N-away N-take-IMP=QUOT<br> pojist b-ā-ɬā-χ ek’ʷa=ʁala”.<br> train N-come-IPFV-CONV COP=QUOT<br> (The woman started to cry:) 'Quickly take you car away from here, the train is coming!'<br><br>(2) o-ru-r b-as’ĩ, “hindi=ʁala ɬ-ō-ba?”<br> that-OBL.HPL-ERG N-ask.AOR where=QUOT go.IPFV-PTCP-HPL<br> 'They asked: Where are you going?'<br><br>Thus, if we treat quotative markers as a kind of subordinators, (2) above illustrates a "shift" in the position of the subordinator. (If I understand your reference to "shifting" correctly.)<br><br>Kibrik, Aleksandr E., Konstantin I. Kazenin, Ekaterina A. Ljutikova & Sergej G. Tatevosov (eds.). 2001. Bagvalinskij jazyk. Grammatika. Teksty. Slovari [Bagvalal: Grammar. Texts. Dictionaries.] Moscow: Nasledie.<br></div></div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Timur Maisak</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">пн, 20 февр. 2023 г. в 12:59, mohammad rasekh <<a href="mailto:mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com" target="_blank">mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><div style="font-family:garamond,"new york",times,serif;font-size:16px"><div><div dir="ltr">Dear Jurgen, Dear All,</div><div dir="ltr">Thank you for your comments and the sources. Actually, 'ke' in Persian is used in cleft constructions and it seems the grammatcalization path is from subordinator > focus marker. However, I don't know the related functions, e.g. rhetorical question marker, mirativity marker and indifference marker are related to this development, if they are. </div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">And, it has not been clitic in the history of this language, but in marking adverbial clauses, it appears in different positions (not clause finally). </div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">Thank you all again.</div><div dir="ltr">Mohammad</div><div><br></div><div><div style="font-family:garamond,times,serif;font-size:13px"><div><font size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#4c76a2">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand </font></div><div><font size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#4c76a2">Linguistics Department,</font></div><div><font size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#4c76a2">Bu-Ali Sina University, </font></div><div><font size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#4c76a2">Hamedan, Iran.</font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#4c76a2">Postal Code: 6517838695 </font></div><div><a href="https://basu.academia.edu/MohammadRasekhmahand" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><font size="1" face="verdana, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#4c76a2">https://basu.academia.edu/MohammadRasekhmahand</font></a><br></div></div></div></div>
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On Sunday, February 19, 2023 at 05:22:40 AM GMT+3:30, Juergen Bohnemeyer <<a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">jb77@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt">Dear Mohammad – The following may be obvious to you. In which case, please ignore it.
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt">There are two reasonably well-established grammaticalization pathways between connectives (and complementizers in particular) and focus markers (that I’m aware of). Both involve clefts. Clefts may involve
a complementizer/subordinator in the subordinate clause, which is often a relative clause or RC-like construction. And clefts may of course grammaticalize into clause-internal focus constructions (or may be misanalyzed as such). You will find examples in Heine
& Kuteva (2002). Perhaps the earliest widely cited treatment of this nexus is Schachter (1973).
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt">The second route also involves clefts, but in this case, the connection to complementizers is an indirect one: demonstratives are a common grammaticalization source of both copulas and complementizers, and
copulas in turn may find their way into clefts, which may again grammaticalize into clause-internal focus constructions (etc.). Again, you’ll find examples in Heine & Kuteva (2002).
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt">Best – Juergen</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt">Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. (2002). World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt">Schachter, P. (1973). Focus and relativization. Language 49: 19–46.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br clear="none">
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<p style="margin-bottom:12pt"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of mohammad rasekh <<a href="mailto:mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com" target="_blank">mrasekhmahand@yahoo.com</a>><br clear="none">
<b>Date: </b>Saturday, February 18, 2023 at 5:06 AM<br clear="none">
<b>To: </b>LINGTYP LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br clear="none">
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] from connector to focus marker</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:serif">Dear All,</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:serif">There is a particle in Persian (Iranian language) which has multiple functions. This particle is ‘ke’, literally meaning ‘that’. Broadly, it has two general/main functions:
a)connector (connecting complement, relative and adverbial clauses), b) marking some parts of information structure (focus, rhetorical question, mirativity, indifference, etc.). Concerning this particle, I have two questions:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:serif">First, is there any evidence in other languages in which a particle moves from subordinator to information structure marker? If there is, I appreciate providing me with
the sources.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:serif">Second, the position of ‘ke’ as adverbial clause marker is not fixed. It may appear clause initially, but it moves to different parts of the adverbial clause (not the
final position). Actually it ‘shifts’. Is there any evidence in other languages for this ‘subordinator shift’?
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<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:serif">Thanks in advance.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:serif">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">Mohammad Rasekh-Mahand </span><span style="font-family:serif"></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">Linguistics Department,</span><span style="font-family:serif"></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">Bu-Ali Sina University, </span><span style="font-family:serif"></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">Hamedan, Iran.</span><span style="font-family:serif"></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:rgb(76,118,162)">Postal Code: 6517838695 </span><span style="font-family:serif"></span></p>
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