<div dir="ltr">In Yaghan (a recently extinct genetic isolate from Tierra del Fuego'), the verb mu:tu: (colon marks tenseness of the vowel preceding it) for 'sit, sg.' does double duty to mean 'stay, remain' and has grammaticalized senses that could be described as durative. The entire set of simple posture and gait verbs in Yahgan has both lexical and grammaticalized readings, with the degree of surface contact apparently determining the temporal staying power of a state. wI;a (combining form -i:a) 'lie sg.' has the greatest surface contact to the substratum and describes, in grammaticalized form, extended spatiotemporality, while mvni (v schwa) 'stand sg.' has the least contact (feet only) and is used grammaticalized as a habitual, or to mean 'on the point of (doing)', where one could easily be distracted by other matters arising.<div><br></div><div>Jess Tauber</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Mar 6, 2023 at 4:45 AM Mark Donohue <<a href="mailto:mhdonohue@gmail.com">mhdonohue@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">I can't be the only one thinking of Western European auxiliaries with unergative verbs, such as<div><br></div><div>Dutch</div><div>Ik ben aangekomen.</div><div>1SG 1SG:be arrived</div><div>'I have (in the near past) arrived (and the state continues).'</div><div><br></div><div>-Mark</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, 6 Mar 2023 at 19:04, Wesley Jones <<a href="mailto:wkj@uoregon.edu" target="_blank">wkj@uoregon.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div>
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Hello all,</div>
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There is a construction in Horokoi (a.k.a. Wasembo, [gsp], part of the Madang branch of TNG) in which a clause chain with the final verb "stay/exist" can have various past/resultative-like meanings. I am wondering where else such a construction has been found.<br>
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The form is: [V-SR stay-TAM], where SR means switch reference marking (same-subject or different-subject). With same-subject marking, it literally says "I [V] and I stay"; with different-subject, it says "I [V] and it (impersonal) stays".<br>
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So far I have found the following meanings for the construction. The different-subject marking tends to be associated with more distal meanings (past, far past, anterior).
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<li><span>literal (he <u>built</u> a house and it
<u>stayed</u> [didn't fall down])</span><br>
<span></span></li><li><span>stative (the food <u>is dry</u>, lit. it dries and it stays)<br>
</span></li><li><span>copula/stative (you <u>are</u> like me, lit. you become and you stay)</span></li><ul style="list-style-type:circle">
<li><span>Note that this meaning only occurs when the first verb is "become". It does not mean "you became like me" (eventive).</span></li></ul>
<li><span><span>resultative/stative ([you hit it and] it <u>
is broken</u>, lit. it breaks and it stays)</span><br>
</span></li><li><span>past (I <u>went</u>, lit. I go and I stay)</span></li><li><span>far past (they [ancestors] <u>got</u> salt from trees, lit. they take and it stays)</span></li><li><span>anterior (I <u>had said</u> it to you, [then something else happened], lit. I say and it stays)</span></li></ul>
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I have been thinking that this is unusual because "stay" as an auxiliary usually grammaticalizes into continuative rather than past/resultative. Heine & Kuteva (2002) mention "sit" > copula, but not this path of "become and stay" > "become-past" > copula, nor
any cases of "stay" (or similar) to these past-like meanings.<br>
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I've been attributing this pathway to the sequential semantics of the clause chaining construction (Horokoi does not mark simultaneous vs sequential in medial verbs, as far as I know). Thus, the sequence "I [V] and (then) I stay" implies that V is no longer
happening and I am staying in whatever state endures at the end of V's action. But perhaps this is not right, and I received a comment that this implicature need not hold for the literal meaning.
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I have received comments that similar constructions are found in Dani languages, Malay, and some others. I found mention of something very similar in Mian by Fedden (2020). I have found no cognate constructions or comparative evidence to shed light on this
for Horokoi (presumably Mian constitutes a parallel innovation because of the vast time depth separating Madang from Ok).<br>
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Please let me know if you have seen something like this or if you know of references about this grammaticalization pathway, thank you!</div>
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Wesley Kuhron Jones</div>
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Ph.D. student, University of Oregon<br>
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