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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In many or most Circum-Baltic languages (i.e. languages spoken around the Baltic sea), there has been a development of verbs meaning ‘remain, stay’ into verbs meaning ‘become’. Thus, in Swedish, “bli” can have both meanings,
although the original one is less often found in contemporary language. Cf.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span lang="SV">Jag blir här ‘I will stay here’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span lang="SV">Jag blir så trött ’I am getting so tired’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">”Bli” is also used as a passive auxiliary, e.g.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">Min artikel blev refuserad ‘My paper was rejected’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">This looks like an areal phenomenon going back to medieval times. “Bli”, which is found in all standard continental Scandinavian languages, comes from Middle Low German “bliwen”, but it is unclear if “bliwen” could have
the meaning ‘become’. – Spanish “quedar” seems to be a similar case outside the Circum-Baltic area.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><span lang="EN-US">Östen<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="SV">Från:</span></b><span lang="SV"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>För </b>Wesley Jones<br>
<b>Skickat:</b> den 6 mars 2023 01:38<br>
<b>Till:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Ämne:</b> [Lingtyp] Grammaticalization of past/resultative meaning from "stay"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Hello all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">There is a construction in Horokoi (a.k.a. Wasembo, [gsp], part of the Madang branch of TNG) in which a clause chain with the final verb "stay/exist" can have various past/resultative-like
meanings. I am wondering where else such a construction has been found.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">The form is: [V-SR stay-TAM], where SR means switch reference marking (same-subject or different-subject). With same-subject marking, it literally says "I [V] and I stay";
with different-subject, it says "I [V] and it (impersonal) stays".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">So far I have found the following meanings for the construction. The different-subject marking tends to be associated with more distal meanings (past, far past, anterior).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted2"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">literal (he <u>built</u> a house and it
<u>stayed</u> [didn't fall down])</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt">stative (the food <u>is dry</u>, lit. it dries and it stays)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt">copula/stative (you <u>are</u> like me, lit. you become and you stay)<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<ul type="disc">
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt">Note that this meaning only occurs when the first verb is "become". It does not mean "you became like me" (eventive).<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">resultative/stative ([you hit it and] it
<u>is broken</u>, lit. it breaks and it stays)</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt">past (I <u>went</u>, lit. I go and I stay)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt">far past (they [ancestors] <u>got</u> salt from trees, lit. they take and it stays)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt">anterior (I <u>had said</u> it to you, [then something else happened], lit. I say and it stays)<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">I have been thinking that this is unusual because "stay" as an auxiliary usually grammaticalizes into continuative rather than past/resultative. Heine & Kuteva (2002) mention
"sit" > copula, but not this path of "become and stay" > "become-past" > copula, nor any cases of "stay" (or similar) to these past-like meanings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">I've been attributing this pathway to the sequential semantics of the clause chaining construction (Horokoi does not mark simultaneous vs sequential in medial verbs, as
far as I know). Thus, the sequence "I [V] and (then) I stay" implies that V is no longer happening and I am staying in whatever state endures at the end of V's action. But perhaps this is not right, and I received a comment that this implicature need not hold
for the literal meaning. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">I have received comments that similar constructions are found in Dani languages, Malay, and some others. I found mention of something very similar in Mian by Fedden (2020).
I have found no cognate constructions or comparative evidence to shed light on this for Horokoi (presumably Mian constitutes a parallel innovation because of the vast time depth separating Madang from Ok).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Please let me know if you have seen something like this or if you know of references about this grammaticalization pathway, thank you!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Wesley Kuhron Jones<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Ph.D. student, University of Oregon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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