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<p>Dear Eline, Christian, all,</p>
<p>As I see it, the characterization of the copula as a focus marker
in such constructions is epiphenominal, and kind of misses what is
at the heart of the construction, namely a nominalization or
reification of the topical material, e.g. <i>Juan compró</i> in
Christian's original example.</p>
<p>In my analysis of colloquial Indonesian (which does not have a
copula), i argue that a string such as</p>
<p>Jon beli buku<br>
John buy book</p>
<p>may, in different discourse contexts, be associated with any of
the three logically possible syntactic constituencies, one of
which is the following:<br>
<br>
[ Jon beli ] buku</p>
<p>The latter constituency is associated with an interpretation
along the lines of "What John bought is a book", and ends up
looking just like <i>Juan compró fue un libro</i>, except without
the copula.</p>
<p>Now of course, different analyses may be appropriate for
different languages, and it may indeed be the case that in some
languages, a copula may be undergoing reanalysis as a focus
marker. However, as I see it, the diachronic source for such
constructions is likely to be something involving a nominalization
or reification of the topic expression, as in the Indonesian
example.</p>
<p>Best,</p>
<p>David</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 13/03/2023 15:33, Eline Visser
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:DJRB_AOtsAHWmeu1o8M5IqLiZazJXkOXiCZR9R3AH5ahsVzWnfN08cT4rrY-gaQ8oq5bUYsN2cXyePxYF6Z5qhFu_KACjLixuV3bSc__mhU=@pm.me">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">Hi Christian,
Kalamang (kgv) has a word *me* that functions as the distal demonstrative, looks copula-like and is also a topic marker.
Copula: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://paperhive.org/documents/items/e7TDfjRZRHtB?a=p:316">https://paperhive.org/documents/items/e7TDfjRZRHtB?a=p:316</a>
Demonstratives: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://paperhive.org/documents/items/e7TDfjRZRHtB?a=p:253">https://paperhive.org/documents/items/e7TDfjRZRHtB?a=p:253</a>
Topic marker: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://paperhive.org/documents/items/e7TDfjRZRHtB?a=pdfd:section.16.1">https://paperhive.org/documents/items/e7TDfjRZRHtB?a=pdfd:section.16.1</a>
I think I'm seeing something pretty similar in Uruangnirin (urn) but I haven't analysed my data yet.
Maybe there's something about this in Kluge's Papuan Malay grammar as well, but I haven't checked. Or maybe David Gil has something to say about Malay (e.g. *itu itu* constructions).
Eline
------- Original Message -------
On Monday, March 13th, 2023 at 8:26 AM, <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> wrote:
</pre>
<blockquote type="cite">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">
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Today's Topics:
1. Re: copula as focus marker (Patrick Hall)
2. Re: copula as focus marker (Kofi Yakpo)
3. Re: copula as focus marker (G. Khan)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Message: 1
Date: Sun, 12 Mar 2023 17:18:53 -0400
From: Patrick Hall pathall@gmail.com
To: Christian Lehmann christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de
Cc: "</a>LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] copula as focus marker
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Dear Christian,
I have long wondered about this topic, and I remember hearing it in Brazil
years ago when I was there. I don?t have any formal articles on the topic,
but you might be interested in this page from the curiously documentary
textbook we used at Berkeley back in the 90?s, Ant?nio R.M. Sim?es? Com
Licen?a, which is, happily, now available on archive.org:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://archive.org/details/comlicencabrazil0000simo/page/169/mode/1up">https://archive.org/details/comlicencabrazil0000simo/page/169/mode/1up</a>
To read it there you?ll need an account, which allows you to check it out
for one hour periods.
But here?s the relevant bit. Sim?es refers to the phenomenon as ?ser
intrusivo? ? for the benefit of other readers, something like ?intrusive
copula?. (Parenthesized forms are my own attempts to finish the homework,
about thirty years overdue!)
6.4.2 Ser Intrusivo
Examples:
Essa menina ? ? inteligente.
Ce n? besta, nao, ? cara! Eu vou ? por aqui mesmo.
Naquele tempo eu gostava era da Ernestina.
Ser intrusivo, common in spoken Brazilian Portuguese and avoided in the
written language, sometimes can be replaced by mesmo or used with mesmo
(?? mesmo?) to reinforce an opinion.
A full description of how this particular use of ser works in Brazilian
Portuguese requires more space and research. In general, ser intrusivo
agrees with the preceding verb in its tense, when both verbs are adjacent:
?Voc? ? ? bobo hein!?; ?Eu queria era sair logo dali.? Frequently, the
conjunction mas is inserted between both verbs, changing the degree of
emphasis sometimes: ?Voc? ? mas ? bobo, hein!? ?Eu queria mas era sair logo
dali.?
Exercises
Try using the ser intrusivo in the following sentences
1. Voce ? daqui dessa cidade. Que nada, che! Eu sou (?) do Rio Grande do
Sul.
2. O cumpadre pensa que me engana. Ele disse que vai para Piracicaba, mas
ele vai (?) para Manhumirim.
3. Esse capetinha ? mesmo ruim. Est? sempre provocando os outros.
4. Inteligente nada! Voc? ? (?) burrinho mesmo.
5. Naquela ?poca eu andava (era) descal?o pela rua.
Answers to odd numbers: 1. ? 3. ? 5. era.
Best regards,
Patrick Hall
Postdoc, Yale University
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://forum.docling.net">https://forum.docling.net</a>
On Sun, Mar 12, 2023 at 4:27?PM Christian Lehmann <
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>> wrote:
</pre>
<blockquote type="cite">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">Dear colleagues,
the literature available to me adduces a Caribbean Spanish example of what
I am looking for:
Juan compr? fue un libro.
John bought was a book
'A book is what John bought.'
The copula here separates the topical portion of the clause from the
comment portion, including importantly the focus (to which this portion
reduces in the example). Different sources of such a construction are
conceivable, for instance a pseudo-cleft:
Lo que Juan compr? fue un libro.
it that John bought was a book
'What John bought was a book.'
What concerns me at the moment, however, is the bare copula in the
function of a focus marker. I am sure I have seen or heard sentences like
the following in Portuguese:
O Jo?o comprou foi um livro.
or with neutralization of tense and, thus, reduction to the default form
of the copula:
O Jo?o comprou ? um livro.
However, I cannot seem to find evidence for this, neither primary data nor
linguistic treatments of it. Could you please help me out? Both references
to the linguistic literature and examples, preferably from Portuguese, but
also from any other language (I do have data from Mandarin!) would be
welcome.
Thanks in advance,
Christian
--
Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann
Rudolfstr. 4
99092 Erfurt
Deutschland
Tel.: +49/361/2113417
E-Post: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a>
Web: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a>
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</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">
--
Pat
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Message: 2
Date: Mon, 13 Mar 2023 12:40:49 +0800
From: Kofi Yakpo <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:kofi@hku.hk">kofi@hku.hk</a>
To: Christian Lehmann <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>
Cc: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG">"LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] copula as focus marker
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Dear Christian,
Focus and (identity-equative) copula interactions/isomorphy are also a
hallmark of much of Niger-Congo and has therefore been imposed in on many
(most?) Afro-European contact languages of Africa (e.g. Krio, Pichi, West
African Pidgin, Kriyol and the Americas (all English-lexifier Creoles,
Haitian, and many Spanish varieties spoken by African-descended majority
population.
Here are two publications (and references there):
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://zenodo.org/record/5651783">https://zenodo.org/record/5651783</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.acblpe.com/revista/volume-11-2021/construcciones-existenciales-en-el-continuo-afroiberorromanico">http://www.acblpe.com/revista/volume-11-2021/construcciones-existenciales-en-el-continuo-afroiberorromanico</a>
best,
Kofi
????
Dr Kofi Yakpo ? Associate Professor
Chair of Linguistics <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.linguistics.hku.hk/">http://www.linguistics.hku.hk/</a> ? University of Hong
Kong <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://arts.hku.hk/">http://arts.hku.hk/</a>
My publications @ zenodo
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=yakpo&sort=-publication_date">https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=yakpo&sort=-publication_date</a> ?
My Page <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://hub.hku.hk/cris/rp/rp01715">http://hub.hku.hk/cris/rp/rp01715</a>
Recently published:
Creole prosodic systems are areal, not simple
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.690593">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.690593</a>
Social entrenchment influences the amount of areal borrowing
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://zenodo.org/record/5651783">https://zenodo.org/record/5651783</a>
Unidirectional multilingual convergence
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1978453">https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1978453</a>
Two types of language contact involving English Creoles
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://zenodo.org/record/6375868">https://zenodo.org/record/6375868</a>
On Mon, Mar 13, 2023 at 4:27?AM Christian Lehmann <
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>> wrote:
</pre>
<blockquote type="cite">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">Dear colleagues,
the literature available to me adduces a Caribbean Spanish example of what
I am looking for:
Juan compr? fue un libro.
John bought was a book
'A book is what John bought.'
The copula here separates the topical portion of the clause from the
comment portion, including importantly the focus (to which this portion
reduces in the example). Different sources of such a construction are
conceivable, for instance a pseudo-cleft:
Lo que Juan compr? fue un libro.
it that John bought was a book
'What John bought was a book.'
What concerns me at the moment, however, is the bare copula in the
function of a focus marker. I am sure I have seen or heard sentences like
the following in Portuguese:
O Jo?o comprou foi um livro.
or with neutralization of tense and, thus, reduction to the default form
of the copula:
O Jo?o comprou ? um livro.
However, I cannot seem to find evidence for this, neither primary data nor
linguistic treatments of it. Could you please help me out? Both references
to the linguistic literature and examples, preferably from Portuguese, but
also from any other language (I do have data from Mandarin!) would be
welcome.
Thanks in advance,
Christian
--
Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann
Rudolfstr. 4
99092 Erfurt
Deutschland
Tel.: +49/361/2113417
E-Post: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a>
Web: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a>
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</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">
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Message: 3
Date: Mon, 13 Mar 2023 07:25:50 +0000
From: "G. Khan" <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gk101@cam.ac.uk">gk101@cam.ac.uk</a>
To: Christian Lehmann <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>,
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG">"LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] copula as focus marker
Message-ID:
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Dear Christian,
Copulas acting as focus markers without a relative particle are common in Semitic, see:
Goldenberg, Gideon. 1973. 'Imperfectly-Transformed Cleft Sentences'. In Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies, 1:127-33. Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies. <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23515560">http://www.jstor.org/stable/23515560</a>.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2018. 'Remarks on the Syntax and Historical Development of the Copula In North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects'. Aramaic Studies 16: 234-69.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2019. 'Copulas, Cleft Sentences and Focus Markers in Biblical Hebrew'. In Ancient Texts and Modern Readers: Studies in Ancient Hebrew Linguistics and Bible Translation, edited by Gideon R. Kotz?, Christian S. Locatell, and John A. Messarra, 14-62. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
I am attaching them here.
Best wishes
Geoffrey
Geoffrey Khan
Regius Professor of Hebrew
University of Cambridge
Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies
Sidgwick Avenue
Cambridge CB3 9DA, UK
From: Lingtyp <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> On Behalf Of Christian Lehmann
Sent: 12 March 2023 20:27
To: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>
Subject: [Lingtyp] copula as focus marker
Dear colleagues,
the literature available to me adduces a Caribbean Spanish example of what I am looking for:
Juan compr? fue un libro.
John bought was a book
'A book is what John bought.'
The copula here separates the topical portion of the clause from the comment portion, including importantly the focus (to which this portion reduces in the example). Different sources of such a construction are conceivable, for instance a pseudo-cleft:
Lo que Juan compr? fue un libro.
it that John bought was a book
'What John bought was a book.'
What concerns me at the moment, however, is the bare copula in the function of a focus marker. I am sure I have seen or heard sentences like the following in Portuguese:
O Jo?o comprou foi um livro.
or with neutralization of tense and, thus, reduction to the default form of the copula:
O Jo?o comprou ? um livro.
However, I cannot seem to find evidence for this, neither primary data nor linguistic treatments of it. Could you please help me out? Both references to the linguistic literature and examples, preferably from Portuguese, but also from any other language (I do have data from Mandarin!) would be welcome.
Thanks in advance,
Christian
--
Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann
Rudolfstr. 4
99092 Erfurt
Deutschland
Tel.:
+49/361/2113417
E-Post:
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.demailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.demailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a>
Web:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.euhttps://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianlehmann.eu%2F&data=05|01|gk101%40universityofcambridgecloud.onmicrosoft.com|6c5ed16846234b00c49308db23382fcb|49a50445bdfa4b79ade3547b4f3986e9|1|0|638142496452989485|Unknown|TWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D|3000|||&sdata=FsR77%2FcV930q6QeShsQ%2FHKFxti1ZTIpL25N%2F5SNtGAg%3D&reserved=0">https://www.christianlehmann.euhttps://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianlehmann.eu%2F&data=05|01|gk101%40universityofcambridgecloud.onmicrosoft.com|6c5ed16846234b00c49308db23382fcb|49a50445bdfa4b79ade3547b4f3986e9|1|0|638142496452989485|Unknown|TWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D|3000|||&sdata=FsR77%2FcV930q6QeShsQ%2FHKFxti1ZTIpL25N%2F5SNtGAg%3D&reserved=0</a>
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</pre>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302
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