<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Hi All,<div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">There is another way to look at this, which is to see so-called lexical items and so-called grammaticalized items as performing the same function: constraining the addressee’s inference of the speaker’s intention in making the communicative act (which may include gesture and particular facial expressions), but as Christian has argued, they differ in terms of their autonomy, which means the freedom of the speaker to use them or not and how. But an important point is that the reason why lexical items can easily become grammatical items is because they have the same function. Gumperz (e.g. 1992) argued for distinguishing between contextualization cues and content words, and Relevance Theory argues for a distinction between content words and procedural items, but I would argue all of language is a contextualization cue (or procedural information), as it helps the hearer create a context of interpretation in which s/he can understand the relevance of the speaker’s communicative act. <span lang="EN-GB">If I hand an assistant a piece of paper and wave my hand towards someone else (who may be in a crowd of people) with the intention that the assistant should give the paper to him, the interpretation of the action and the person it is to be given to is quite unconstrained (though may be unproblematic in that context). If, instead, I say <i>Give it to him, </i>the interpretation of the person it is to be given to is still relatively unconstrained, but if I say <i>Give this paper to the tall man with the red hat by the back door,</i> or <i>Give this paper to the teacher,</i> then I have constrained the interpretation of the referents involved considerably, and the constraining is mainly done by the extra lexical items. (In this example there are both grammatical and non-grammatical elements, but this would not be true in all languages). Given an expression like <i>the teacher,</i> do we want to say that the ‘procedural’ marking (the definite marking) helps us interpret the ‘conceptual’ item <i>teacher</i>, or do we want to say that the phrase <i>the teacher</i> (rather than pointing or using a more general noun phrase) helps us identify the relevant referent? Communication does not necessarily involve language, but the use of any amount of language constrains the interpretation more than not having language involved, and generally the more explicit the language involved, the more constrained the interpretation. In this case, <i>teacher</i>would constrain the interpretation of a particular referent more than, for example, <i>him</i>, or <i>person</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB">Those making a distinction between so-called ‘conceptual’ information and ‘procedural’ information might say that adding the expression <i>I guess </i>to an English declarative clause such as <i>I guess he’s coming </i>would be adding conceptual information, while adding an evidential particle marking a guess to a similar clause in some other language that has grammaticalized evidential marking would be considered as adding only procedural information, yet the function/information of both is the same. Again, it is precisely because they have this function that lexical items can grammaticalize into grammatical marking.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;">Also, similar to Jakobson’s dictum about languages differing in terms of what must be said, the conventionalization of any grammatical pattern constrains what must be understood by the addressee. The idea of grammaticalization you have been talking about is a rather narrow one, but it can be argued that all of grammar is grammaticalized, as it includes, for example, the conventionalization of a particular pattern of coreference between two clauses, e.g. <i>The man saw the dog and went downhill, </i>the structure of which (i.e. the construction) forces, in this case, the addressee to infer coreference of the actor of the two clauses. This is certainly grammatical, and it manifests less autonomy than other joined clauses. Expressions such as “kick the bucket” are fully conventionalization and also manifest a lack of autonomy, so should also be considered grammaticalized. Normal clause structures are also conventionalized and also constrain the addressee’s inference of the speaker’s intention. So grammaticalization should not be limited only to those items that go through the kind of changes in form that Christian has talked about. I would consider them usage-based changes independent of the conventionalization of a form for grammatical purposes. This allows us to talk about grammaticalization in languages such as Chinese, that have fully conventionalized forms for constraining the addressee’s inference, but possibly because of prosodic factors there is little of the type of form changes found in Indo-European languages. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">Randy</span></p><div>
<meta charset="UTF-8"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">——</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Professor Randy J. LaPolla</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">（罗仁地)</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">, PhD FAHA </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Center for Language Sciences</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">, Guangdong</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">, China</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://randylapolla.info">https://randylapolla.info</a></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">ORCID ID:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: rgb(73, 74, 76); background-color: white;"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196</a> </span></span> </div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 15px;">邮编：519087</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路18号木铎楼A302</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">北京师范大学珠海校区</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">人文和社会科学高等研究院</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">语言科学研究中心 </span></div></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On 21 Mar 2023, at 3:06 AM, Kasper Boye <boye@hum.ku.dk> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><meta charset="UTF-8"><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Replies in order of appearance below (again, apologies to those not interested in this discussion!)<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dear Christian,<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">This concerns your important remark that on the account advocated by Riccardo and by Peter and me, it might seem as if grammatical status were devoid of positive properties.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">At a theoretical level, the basic idea is that grammatical can only be understood relative to lexical elements, which they presuppose and upon which they depend. I think that at least traces of this idea are found in several attempts to understand the lexical-grammatical contrast. For instance, “function words” presuppose “content words” in relation to which they have a function; “procedural meaning” presupposes “conceptual meaning” in relation to which the procedures apply. On our account, this asymmetry basically has to do with attentional potential: grammatical elements are conventionalized as background, and hence depend on combination with lexical elements, which have the potential to be foreground.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Still at a theoretical level, the implication of this is that grammatical elements do indeed share positive properties: they represent a special kind of conventions (they are conventionalizations of background status), and they show special types of dependencies. In Boye & Harder (2012), we suggested ‘ancillariness’ as a cover term for these properties. As captured by this term, however, these properties can only be understood in relation to the properties of lexical elements.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Empirically, the implication is that grammatical elements can only be identified relative to lexical ones. Since, the basic difference between lexical and grammatical pertains to attentional potential, grammatical elements can be identified in terms of lack of potential for prominence. There is, however, also what may be seen as a positive criterion: grammatical elements are dependent on combination with (ultimately lexical) elements in relation to which they are secondary.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dear Riccardo,<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">While there is no necessary conflict between continua and discrete cutoff points, I think it is a mistake to score degree of grammaticity in terms of number of ‘grammaticity features’ like closed class membership and phonological reduction.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">You may of course define grammatical status in terms of these features, but then you run into problems: if you don’t require presence of all features, you get silly results (e.g.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Kingston<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>is more grammatical than<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Georgetown</i>); if you do require presence of all features, you exclude a number of things you don’t want to exclude (e.g.<i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>going to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>has a grammatical variant prior to phonological reduction to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>gonna</i>).<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Alternatively, you may consider grammaticity features as<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>symptoms</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>of grammatical status. This is perfectly fine as long as the symptoms can be derived from an understanding of the phenomenon of which they are symptoms (cf. Boye & Harder 2012). However, if you then score degree of grammaticity in terms these symptoms, you confuse the number of symptoms with an unwarranted assumption about a property of what the symptoms are symptoms of.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dear Bill,<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Thanks for bringing the question what makes a concept grammaticalizable into the discussion. I think Peter’s and my own account is compatible with yours. From our point of view, the alternative to grammatical meaning – i.e. meaning conventionalized as discursively secondary – is discursively secondary meaning that must be arrived at through context-dependent inference. Thus, grammatical meaning represents a shortcut (by way of convention) to discursively secondary meaning. This means that what makes a meaning, function or concept grammaticalizable must be that it is convenient as discursively secondary information across different contexts, and useful enough to license conventionalization. I think this is exactly the case with the concepts or functions you point at in your 2007 paper.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">With best wishes,<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Kasper<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); padding: 3pt 0cm 0cm;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span lang="DA" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Fra:</span></b><span lang="DA" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>På vegne af<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>William Croft<br><b>Sendt:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>18. marts 2023 00:17<br><b>Til:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><b>Emne:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] "grammatically encoded" - answer to Christian<o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">I have read this discussion with interest. I have found analyzing the lexical-grammatical distinction difficult; I made several attempts. I started from Talmy's observations about the semantic categories that recur in the inventories of grammatical elements across languages. I should mention at the outset that the distinction Talmy was considering is grammaticaliz<b>able</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(or "grammaticizable" -- Slobin 1997) concepts vs. other, "lexical-only" concepts. This is different from grammaticaliz<b>ed</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>vs. not grammaticalized concepts. Grammaticalizable concepts may be expressed lexically, but may then undergo grammaticalization. Grammaticalized concepts are not only grammaticalizable but have undergone grammaticalization and hence have acquired additional properties -- more on that below.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">At any rate, I decided that the best way forward was to embed the issue in a broader theory of the verbalization of experience. I took Chafe's model of verbalization (Chafe 1977a,b are the primary original sources) and elaborated it in a 2007 paper (which cites other work of Chafe's). In the conclusion I suggested some reasons why certain concepts are grammaticalizable, based on the model of verbalization.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">This is a functional model, so it is similar in aim to Kasper and Peter's proposal. But that is about grammaticalizable concepts. To understand the nature of grammaticalized concepts, it is possible, even likely, that at least some of the structural considerations that Christian proposes are relevant.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Interjections only partly fit in the verbalization model. But the verbalization model is just one part of a larger model of language and its role in communication, and the role of communication in joint action. I have largely followed Clark's version of the larger model (Clark 1996; he calls verbalization 'formulation'); see Croft (2009). Interjections are varied and serve a different functions in the larger model.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Bill<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; background-color: white;"><span style="">Chafe, Wallace. 1977a. Creativity in verbalization and its implications for the nature of stored knowledge.<i>Discourse production and comprehension</i>, ed. Roy Freedle, 41-55. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex.<br><br><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt; background-color: white;"><span style="">Chafe, Wallace. 1977b. The recall and verbalization of past experience.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Current issues in linguistic theory</i>, ed. Peter Cole, 215-46. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt; background-color: white;"><span style="">Clark, Herbert H. 1996.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Using language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt; background-color: white;"><span style="">Croft, William. 2007. The origins of grammar in the verbalization of experience.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Cognitive Linguistics</i>18.339-82.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: -18pt; background-color: white;"><span style="">Croft, William. 2009. Toward a social cognitive linguistics.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>New directions in cognitive linguistics</i>, ed. Vyvyan Evans and Stéphanie Pourcel, 395-420. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin-left: 18pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; background-color: white;"><span style="">Slobin, Dan I. 1997. The origins of grammaticizable notions: beyond the individual mind.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition, vol. 5</i>, ed. Dan I. Slobin, 265-323<i>.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: center;"><hr size="3" width="98%" align="center"></div><div id="divRplyFwdMsg"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Kasper Boye <<a href="mailto:boye@hum.ku.dk" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">boye@hum.ku.dk</a>><br><b>Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tuesday, March 14, 2023 3:47 AM<br><b>To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Christian Lehmann <<a href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>>;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br><b>Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Peter Harder <<a href="mailto:rgl226@hum.ku.dk" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">rgl226@hum.ku.dk</a>><br><b>Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] "grammatically encoded" - answer to Christian</span><o:p></o:p></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <o:p></o:p></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; background-color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: white;"> [EXTERNAL]</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dear Christian,<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>Regarding focusability</b><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The focusability criterion (like the other criteria) depends on language- and construction-specific means for focusing, and different means come with different limitations. Indeed, the criterion may in many cases be impossible to apply. Another criterion (not mentioned in Boye & Harder (2012), but in later publications) is modifiability; again, we are not the first to suggest that modifiability can be used to distinguish lexical from grammatical elements, but the criterion can straightforwardly be derived from the claim that grammatical elements are by convention discursively secondary.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">As already mentioned, there are also limitations to stress as a means for investigating focusablity. For instance, stress is not always found exactly on the focused element. Your example with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>would</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>seems to belong to the group of exceptions that fall under<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>verum focus</i>. Therefore, your example does not show that<i>would<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>can be focused, and hence it does not show that<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>would</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>is lexical. In principle, however, it is perfectly possible that some modal verbs, or variants thereof, are lexical. In Boye (2010), I argued that this is the case with some Danish modal verbs. In Boye & Bastiaanse (2018) we showed that even a rather course-grained distinction between lexical and grammatical modal verb variants in Dutch is significant for the description of agrammatic speech: the proportion of modal verb items classified as grammatical relative to items classified as lexical was significantly lower in agrammatic speech than in the speech of non-brain-damaged controls (see Boye et al. 2023 for an overview of similar studies, and a usage-based theory of agrammatism).<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>Regarding your proposal for a definition of grammatical status</b><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">I would be very interested in seeing your detailed proposal, but my basic problem with your proposal is not that it looks circular, but that it looks entirely structural. I prefer a functional-cognitive, usage-based definition that entails a rationale for the existence of grammar.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>Regarding grammaticalization as a gradual phenomenon</b><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">I agree that grammaticalization is a gradual phenomenon, but not that this entails that grammatical status is a matter of degree. In the attached preprint (paper to appear in Transactions of the Philological Society), I argue that on a strict understanding, grammaticalization is embedded in at least three continua (a conventionalization continuum, a splitting continuum and a discourse prominence continuum), but does not presuppose or show any evidence of lexical-grammatical cline.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>References</b><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Boye, K. 2010. ‘Raising verbs and auxiliaries in a functional theory of grammatical status’. K. Boye & E. Engberg-Pedersen (eds.).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Language usage and language structure</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 73-104.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Boye, K. To appear. ‘Grammaticalization as conventionalization of discursively secondary status: Deconstructing the lexical-grammatical continuum’.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="">Boye, K., & R. Bastiaanse. 2018. ‘Grammatical versus lexical words in theory and aphasia: Integrating linguistics and neurolinguistics’.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Glossa: a journal of general linguistics</i>, 3.1, 29. DOI:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.436" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">http://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.436</a> </span><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Boye, K., R. Bastiaanse, P. Harder & S. Martínez-Ferreiro. 2023. ‘Agrammatism in a usage-based theory of grammatical status: Impaired combinatorics, compensatory prioritization, or both?’<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Journal of Neurolinguistics</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>65, 101108.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);"> </span><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);"> </span><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Fra:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>På vegne af<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Christian Lehmann<br><b>Sendt:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>10. marts 2023 21:07<br><b>Til:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><b>Emne:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] "grammatically encoded" - answer to Christian</span><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dear Kasper,<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">the clearest cases of focusing are cleft-sentences. At the same time, it is clear that many sentence components are not amenable to clefting, and many of those that are not are nevertheless lexical rather than grammatical. Thus I suppose focusability will not, for your purposes, be operationalized as amenability to clefting.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Thus you need to consider milder forms of focusing. If contrastive stress counts, then it remains true that many items that have otherwise been regarded as grammatical can bear contrastive stress. Think of exchanges such as this:<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Will you do it? - I<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>would</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>do it if [so and so].<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In my understanding, what is focused here is exactly the conditional modality, so what is stressed is its expression.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">My attempt at a definition may seem circular until I spell out how constraints on the distribution of items and classes of items are formulated and quantified. (It has probably been done somewhere in the literature.) This is independent of a prior definition of 'grammar'; it just refers to cooccurrence of items in constructions. When I have spelled out some cases, I may take the liberty of sending you the URL.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Allow me to repeat that if you take grammaticalization seriously as a gradual phenomenon, then grammatical status, too, is not a yes-or-no matter, but rather one of degree. Consequently, no single binary criterion like focusability will suffice for its operationalization.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Best,<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Christian<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">--<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>Rudolfstr. 4<br>99092 Erfurt<br><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal;">Deutschland</span></span><o:p></o:p></div><table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Tel.:</span><o:p></o:p></div></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">+49/361/2113417</span><o:p></o:p></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E-Post:</span><o:p></o:p></div></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></span><o:p></o:p></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Web:</span><o:p></o:p></div></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianlehmann.eu%2F&data=05%7C01%7Cboye%40hum.ku.dk%7C1418d03f5344446ad78108db273db16f%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C638146918159143384%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=tSt%2F%2FK76H4Y%2B1ZT2LglYCyDqzyIR4PmWCuVyvG%2FqOtA%3D&reserved=0" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></span><o:p></o:p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);"> </span><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);"> </span><o:p></o:p></div><div><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); padding: 3pt 0cm 0cm;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span lang="DA" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Fra:</span></b><span lang="DA" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>På vegne af<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Christian Lehmann<br><b>Sendt:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>10. marts 2023 21:07<br><b>Til:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><b>Emne:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] "grammatically encoded" - answer to Christian</span><o:p></o:p></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dear Kasper,<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">the clearest cases of focusing are cleft-sentences. At the same time, it is clear that many sentence components are not amenable to clefting, and many of those that are not are nevertheless lexical rather than grammatical. Thus I suppose focusability will not, for your purposes, be operationalized as amenability to clefting.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Thus you need to consider milder forms of focusing. If contrastive stress counts, then it remains true that many items that have otherwise been regarded as grammatical can bear contrastive stress. Think of exchanges such as this:<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Will you do it? - I<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>would</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>do it if [so and so].<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In my understanding, what is focused here is exactly the conditional modality, so what is stressed is its expression.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">My attempt at a definition may seem circular until I spell out how constraints on the distribution of items and classes of items are formulated and quantified. (It has probably been done somewhere in the literature.) This is independent of a prior definition of 'grammar'; it just refers to cooccurrence of items in constructions. When I have spelled out some cases, I may take the liberty of sending you the URL.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Allow me to repeat that if you take grammaticalization seriously as a gradual phenomenon, then grammatical status, too, is not a yes-or-no matter, but rather one of degree. Consequently, no single binary criterion like focusability will suffice for its operationalization.<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Best,<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Christian<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">--<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>Rudolfstr. 4<br>99092 Erfurt<br><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal;">Deutschland</span></span><o:p></o:p></div><table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Tel.:</span><o:p></o:p></div></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">+49/361/2113417</span><o:p></o:p></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">E-Post:</span><o:p></o:p></div></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></span><o:p></o:p></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Web:</span><o:p></o:p></div></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianlehmann.eu%2F&data=05%7C01%7Cboye%40hum.ku.dk%7C1418d03f5344446ad78108db273db16f%7Ca3927f91cda14696af898c9f1ceffa91%7C0%7C0%7C638146918159143384%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=tSt%2F%2FK76H4Y%2B1ZT2LglYCyDqzyIR4PmWCuVyvG%2FqOtA%3D&reserved=0" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></span><o:p></o:p></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> <o:p></o:p></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;">_______________________________________________</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;">Lingtyp mailing list</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div></blockquote></div><br></div></body></html>