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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">John,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">You may want to have a look at:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Frajzyngier, Zygmunt, Natalia Gurian, and Sergei Karpenko. 2021. <i>Language formation by adults: The case of Sino-Russian idiolects.
</i>Leiden and Boston: Brill.<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">We talk there about emergence of verbs as a distinct class,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">All best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Zygmunt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Zygmunt Frajzyngier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Professor Emeritus<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Dept. of Linguistics</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">University of Colorado<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Boulder, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">USA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:-webkit-standard;color:black"> > </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><a href="https://www.colorado.edu/linguistics/zygmunt-frajzyngier" title="https://www.colorado.edu/linguistics/zygmunt-frajzyngier"><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard;color:#0563C1">https://www.colorado.edu/linguistics/zygmunt-frajzyngier</span></a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:-webkit-standard;color:black"><br>
> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of John Mansfield <jbmansfield@gmail.com><br>
<b>Date: </b>Saturday, April 1, 2023 at 9:24 PM<br>
<b>To: </b>lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] Emergence of word-class systems<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Thanks already for some very useful reading recommendations on this (some via DM).<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Since posting the question, I've been reminded of the extent to which word classes are inextricable from phrase structure (and morphology). So arguably the question could be reframed as where does morphosyntax come from. I have already
been recommended to read Hurford (2012) and Heine & Kuteva (2007) on this, but I'd be interested to have any other recommendations for plausible speculations about the emergence of grammar.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Sun, 2 Apr 2023 at 08:57, John Mansfield <<a href="mailto:jbmansfield@gmail.com">jbmansfield@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Can anyone point me at literature speculating on how word-class systems may have emerged in human language? That is to say, if we assume that there are or were (proto-)languages without a clear word-class system, then how might one develop?<o:p></o:p></p>
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