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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear Christian,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Thank you for taking up this issue! My response below concerns your original question, which I believe is a very important one: “Does
anyone know of a generally applicable criterion or even a language-independent test frame which enables me to determine whether a given dependent clause designates a second-order or a third-order entity? Or are there contexts which are indeterminate in principle
or where the distinction does not apply?”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">As I understand the distinction, it basically pertains to meaning substance rather than structure (to allude to the old structuralist
distinction), and different languages (and different constructions in individual languages) may carve it in different ways (or not at all). I have argued that the central diagnostic feature is that only propositions/third-order entities can be epistemically
evaluated. That is, only propositions/third-order entities can be modified by means of evidential or epistemic modal modifiers, and only propositions/third-order entities can be arguments of epistemic predicates.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I attach a preprint of my most recent publication on the distinction. I argue that the distinction is significant for understanding
a number of linguistic contrast, not only contrasts pertaining to complement clauses. I also suggest a cognitive-representational analysis of the distinction in terms of referentiality (as an alternative to the referential-denotational analyses that dominate
the literature, including the functionalist literature).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The reference is:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Boye, K. 2023. Propositions and States-of-Affairs: A cognitive linguistic approach. J.M. Hartmann & A. Wöllstein (eds). Propositionale
Argumente im Sprachvergelich / Propositional Arguments in Cross-Linguistic Research. Studien zur Deuschen Sprache 84. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. 85-114.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">With best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Kasper<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fra:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>På vegne af </b>Lixin Jin<br>
<b>Sendt:</b> 9. maj 2023 19:01<br>
<b>Til:</b> Christian Lehmann <christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de>; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Emne:</b> [Lingtyp] </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt">回复</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">:
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt">回复</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">: what is designated by a complement claus<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#212121">Some people who received this message don't often get email from
<a href="mailto:jinlixin@hotmail.com">jinlixin@hotmail.com</a>. <a href="https://aka.ms/LearnAboutSenderIdentification">
Learn why this is important</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#212121">Some people who received this message don't often get email from
<a href="mailto:jinlixin@hotmail.com">jinlixin@hotmail.com</a>. <a href="https://aka.ms/LearnAboutSenderIdentification">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"MS PMincho";color:black">Thanks! If the complement is a valency, then I have no problem with it. Thanks again!<br>
<br>
lixin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">发件人</span></b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">代表</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Christian Lehmann <<a href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>><br>
</span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">发送时间</span></b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> 2023</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">年</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">5</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">月</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">日</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
18:24<br>
</span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">收件人</span></b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
</span><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">主题</span></b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Re: [Lingtyp]
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">回复</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">: what is designated by a complement claus</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Am 09.05.23 um 18:17 schrieb Lixin Jin:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="xmsonormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span class="xcontentpasted0"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:DengXian">Thank you, Sir! Sorry, maybe there was a problem with my formulation. I meant that both attributive
and adverbial have operational definitions, for example, attributive is a modifier of a noun, and adverbial is a modifier of a verb. What about complements?
</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:DengXian"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I follow the definition given in Peter H. Matthews's book on
<i>Syntax</i>: A complement is a dependent provided for in the valency of its head. The head is most often thought to be a verb, but can be anything that has valency.<br>
Neither this definition nor the ones mentioned by you are operational. The criteria for the analysis of a dependency relation as a complement relation (i.e. the criteria for valency), as well as for its analysis as a modifying relation, are a different problem,
also treated by Matthews.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">-- <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Tel.:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">+49/361/2113417<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">E-Post:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Web:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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