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    <p>Dear all,</p>
    <p>It seems to me that the question whether there are "languages
      without X" comes up again and again, for all kinds of X, where X
      is a category or class of units (e.g. phonological feet, a dual,
      adjectives, serial verbs, adpositions, second-position clitics,
      nasal vowels...)<br>
    </p>
    <p>But what do we mean when we say "language L has X" (or "lacks
      X")? It seems to me that such statements are inherentlly
      comparative, so that X must be a comparative concept. If I don't
      compare my language with other languages, I don't (have to) say
      that it "has X", but I simply say which categories I set up and
      how they behave.</p>
    <p>So "X" in such statements is a comparative concept, but this
      means that we must define it clearly (if perhaps somewhat
      arbitrarily). Getting back to Adam's feet: How is a phonological
      foot defined in general terms? It seems that for phonological
      words, there is no such general definition, but maybe there is one
      for feet?<br>
    </p>
    <p>As I don't think that description/analysis should be done in
      general-comparative terms, I wouldn't think that it's relevant
      whether phonological feet are "found useful for
      description/analysis" in some language. Clearly, one can assume
      the universality of everything, and not be bothered too much if
      one doesn't find too much evidence/usefulness for it in all
      languages. (Chomsky 2001 formulated this as the Uniformity
      Principle:"<span style="font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family:
        'TimesNewRomanPSMT'">In the absence of compelling evidence to
        the contrary, assume
        languages to be uniform, with variety restricted to easily
        detectable properties of utterances." Whether one finds the
        evidence compelling seems to be rather subjective.) </span> </p>
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            <p><span style="font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family:
                'TimesNewRomanPSMT'">Best,</span></p>
            <p><span style="font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family:
                'TimesNewRomanPSMT'">Martin<br>
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    <p></p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 10.05.23 05:25, Adam James Ross
      Tallman wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAK0T6OiBokRKQytuUx2dOrVtKJgJi7yRQzg-Qc3Ruihhh-SU0w@mail.gmail.com">
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          style="font-family:monospace,monospace;color:#4c1130">Yes,
          Mark is right. Sorry for getting carried away and spamming
          your inboxes!</div>
        <div class="gmail_default"
          style="font-family:monospace,monospace;color:#4c1130"><br>
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        <div class="gmail_default"
          style="font-family:monospace,monospace;color:#4c1130">Adam<br>
        </div>
      </div>
      <br>
      <div class="gmail_quote">
        <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, May 10, 2023 at
          1:33 AM Mark Post <<a href="mailto:mark.post@sydney.edu.au"
            moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">mark.post@sydney.edu.au</a>>
          wrote:<br>
        </div>
        <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
          0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
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                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt">Adam</span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt">This
                    is getting a bit complex and away from your original
                    query, so perhaps we should take this convo off-list
                    to avoid overloading inboxes</span><span
                    style="font-size:11pt" lang="X-NONE">.
                  </span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt"
                    lang="X-NONE">Mark</span><span
                    style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
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                  <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt"><b><span
                        style="font-size:12pt;color:black">From:
                      </span></b><span
                      style="font-size:12pt;color:black">Adam James Ross
                      Tallman <<a href="mailto:ajrtallman@utexas.edu"
                        target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
                        class="moz-txt-link-freetext">ajrtallman@utexas.edu</a>><br>
                      <b>Date: </b>Tuesday, 9 May 2023 at 17:14<br>
                      <b>To: </b>Mark Post <<a
                        href="mailto:mark.post@sydney.edu.au"
                        target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
                        class="moz-txt-link-freetext">mark.post@sydney.edu.au</a>>,
                      <a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"
                        target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
                        class="moz-txt-link-freetext">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>
                      <<a
                        href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org"
                        target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
                        class="moz-txt-link-freetext">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
                      <b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] languages without
                      feet?</span></p>
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                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Hi Mark,</span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span></p>
                  </div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">There
                        are actually philosophers who question Popper et
                        al.’s view on falsification as a criterion, so I
                        was wondering whether this might be underlying
                        what you were saying. These issues were brought
                        up in the context of the “Linguistics Wars”
                        (Harris
                        <i>The Linguistics Wars </i>2021). Here’s
                        Lakoff, in an interview with Huck &
                        Goldsmith (a passage that I always floats
                        through my mind in these discussions)</span><span
style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-left:70.8pt;line-height:105%"><span
style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">“There
                      </span><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">was another major
                        difference. Chomsky held a view about the
                        philosophy of science that we did not hold - the
                        Quine-Duhem thesis.<span
                          class="m_1400443819180436551gmail-highlight">
                          Quine</span> assumed that a scientific theory
                        was a finite list of axioms in first<br>
                        order predicate calculus, and used the
                        Lowenheim-Skolem theorem to argue that no finite
                        number of counterexamples could falsify any
                        finite number of axioms since a finite number of
                        auxiliary hypotheses could always be added to
                        handle the counterexamples. As Chomsky has said,
                        in the Quine-Duhem spirit, only the theory as
                        whole, once completed with no additional
                        auxiliary hypotheses, can be falsified.<br>
                        We of course did not subscribe to the
                        Quine-Duhem thesis, since the role of
                        generalization played no role in it. That is, no
                        auxiliary hypotheses, from our perspective,
                        could be adequate if they failed to capture
                        generalizations about content. But, as Chomsky
                        knew well, the theory of formal<br>
                        systems could only state generalizations about
                        form and not content. Since we were concerned
                        with generalizations about content, the
                        Quine-Duhem<br>
                        thesis made no sense to us. But for Chomsky, the
                        Quine-Duhem thesis was important, since it
                        shielded his theories from possible
                        counterexamples.” (Huck & Goldsmith
                        <i>Ideology and Linguistic Theory,</i> 115)</span><span
style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">While
                        I do not want to suggest that we should all
                        become philosophers of science, I think thinking
                        about philosophical issues might help us be able
                        to articulate the differences underlying our
                        views. It might actually help us understand what
                        we are talking about, whether we are talking
                        past each other, and what is actually at stake.
                        Perhaps we just have 'cognitive' commitments
                        that make research programs incompatible ... but
                        maybe despite initial biases, we can still work
                        together to test competing claims.</span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">One
                        could, I imagine, argue that while the notion of
                        ‘foot’ is not directly testable assuming a foot
                        makes a number of other statements and perhaps
                        universals coherent: a sort of Lakatosian view
                        that the foot forms part of the core of a
                        scientific paradigm not subject to direct
                        empirical scrutiny. Or perhaps it is a useful
                        assumption for discovery – we learn so much by
                        assuming something like a foot is actually
                        there. </span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">Or
                        perhaps the problem is not falsifiability
                        itself, but the way we’re putting it into
                        practice: falsifiability need not refer to
                        structural facts from a single language – you
                        need to have a broad sample of languages and
                        show that the ‘foot’ is
                        <i>not </i>a regulative principle in language
                        structure, even if its evidence is weak or
                        absent in some cases.</span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">These
                        arguments do not frustrate me. What frustrates
                        me is the assertion on the part of some
                        lingusits that a concept is well empirically
                        supported, but then at the same time the same
                        linguist can’t give me a single case where the
                        hypothesis was put under serious empirical
                        scrutiny and not just assumed.</span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">I
                        think though the criterion of “workability” (is
                        the foot ever unworkable), or the criterion of
                        “bad idea” (is it ever a bad idea to adopt the
                        foot?) is hard for me to square with how I view
                        science. All purposes are ultimately “workable”.
                        McCawley’s comments I think are pertinent here
                        (in his summary of his article ‘Language
                        Universals in Linguistic Argumentation’:</span><span
style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-left:35.4pt;line-height:105%"><span
style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">“It
                        [the article] deals with the role that the
                        notion ‘language universal’ has played in the
                        argumentation of transformational grammarians,
                        especially with arguments in which conclusions
                        are justified on the basis of the claim that
                        they allow one to maintain anguage universals
                        that alternative analyses would conflict with. I
                        find the bulk of such arguments worthless, since
                        the putative universals generally are merely
                        features accidentally shared by analyses that
                        the investigator or some reason happens to like.
                        <b>The investigator’s preferred type of analysis
                          is always available at a price, and in
                          advancing the putative universal he</b> [sic]
                        <b>is only expressing his commitment to pay that
                          price and to bully his fellow linguists into
                          paying it too</b>….” (McCawley
                        <i>Thirty Million Theories of Grammar, </i>p.4).</span><span
style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">I
                        think similar issues arise with the “bad idea”
                        argument… “bad” according to what standards? If
                        a linguist has staked their career on the
                        assumption that foot are universals, then the
                        universal foot just becomes self-justifying: the
                        foot is never a bad idea, because its never a
                        bad idea.</span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">I
                        understand there are some people that will never
                        be convinced. But if we can convince others in
                        the field that they are in the same epistemic
                        world as defenders of flat earth theory (an
                        obviously “good idea” which is always “workable”
                        for its practitioners), then insisting on
                        testability has merits.
                      </span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">But
                        you did point out a potential falsifying
                        instance:</span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-left:35.4pt;line-height:105%"><span
style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">“Perhaps
                        the sort of counterevidence that I’m suggesting
                        looking for might be a language that showed
                        evidence for multiple units between syl and
                        phrase, and in which segmental and prosodic
                        phenomena referenced units both above and below
                        one another – though I’m not aware of such a
                        language.“</span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">I
                        have to admit that I read this passage multiple
                        times and just could not make sense of it. So,
                        you mean a process that happens at some <i>kappa
                        </i>between syllable and phrase, but that makes
                        reference to syllables and phrases? Isn’t this
                        just how all “word” level stress assignment
                        generally works? So you mean a process that
                        makes reference to syllables
                        <i>and </i>phrase boundaries? That just sounds
                        like most phonological processes…</span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">best,
                      </span><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-size:13.5pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA">Adam</span><span
style="font-size:11pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"
                      style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span
                        style="font-family:"Courier
                        New";color:rgb(76,17,48)" lang="EN-CA"> </span><span
style="font-size:12pt;line-height:105%;font-family:"Times New
                        Roman",serif;color:rgb(76,17,48)"></span></p>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                <div>
                  <div>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt">On
                        Tue, May 9, 2023 at 8:08 AM Mark Post <</span><a
                        href="mailto:mark.post@sydney.edu.au"
                        target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                          style="font-size:11pt">mark.post@sydney.edu.au</span></a><span
                        style="font-size:11pt">> wrote:</span></p>
                  </div>
                  <blockquote style="border-color:currentcolor
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                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt">Hi Adam,</span></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt">That’s a lot of
                              questions, but FWIW – and freely admitting
                              that I’m no philosopher of science – to
                              the extent that a given style of argument
                              basically inoculates itself from
                              falsification through lack of positive
                              evidence (you haven’t shown that it’s not
                              <i>not</i> there…), its proponents are
                              probably not going to find such efforts
                              convincing, regardless of whatever you or
                              I might think. I’m not necessarily
                              endorsing that way of thinking, but to the
                              extent that it exists, I’m asking whether
                              we can find positive evidence that
                              assuming a “foot” for a particular
                              language is actually a <i>bad idea</i>.</span></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt">I’m interested in
                              this because, under the assumption that
                              “foot” is the focus of prosodic phenomena
                              exclusively (not, e.g., segmental
                              phenomena that could not be attributed to
                              syl or wd; if this is wrong I’d be happy
                              to be corrected), it seems useful to
                              assume this unit of analysis for
                              cross-linguistic comparison even if, for a
                              particular language, “foot” turned out to
                              be isomorphic with, for example, “word” as
                              defined through segmental criteria (and
                              assuming that most analysts would not
                              adopt the reverse approach – attributing
                              segmental phenomena to the “foot”, and
                              doing away with “word” – though in
                              principle, I suppose one could). Perhaps
                              the sort of counterevidence that I’m
                              suggesting looking for might be a language
                              that showed evidence for multiple units
                              between syl and phrase, and in which
                              segmental and prosodic phenomena
                              referenced units both above and below one
                              another – though I’m not aware of such a
                              language.  </span></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt">I think this is a
                              little bit different from the other types
                              of case you mentioned, as at least in
                              principle, “foot”
                              <i>could</i> have a universal functional
                              motivation in prosodic organisation (e.g.
                              rhythm), as opposed to being just a formal
                              structure.
                            </span></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt">Cheers</span></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt">Mark</span></p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
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                            none;border-width:1pt medium
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                            <p class="MsoNormal"
                              style="margin-bottom:12pt"><b><span
                                  style="font-size:12pt;color:black">From:
                                </span></b><span
                                style="font-size:12pt;color:black">Adam
                                James Ross Tallman <</span><a
                                href="mailto:ajrtallman@utexas.edu"
                                target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                  style="font-size:12pt">ajrtallman@utexas.edu</span></a><span
                                style="font-size:12pt;color:black">><br>
                                <b>Date: </b>Monday, 8 May 2023 at 3:17
                                pm<br>
                                <b>To: </b>Mark Post <</span><a
                                href="mailto:mark.post@sydney.edu.au"
                                target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                  style="font-size:12pt">mark.post@sydney.edu.au</span></a><span
                                style="font-size:12pt;color:black">>,
                              </span><a
                                href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"
                                target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                  style="font-size:12pt">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</span></a><span
                                style="font-size:12pt;color:black"> <</span><a
href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"
                                moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                  style="font-size:12pt">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span
                                style="font-size:12pt;color:black">><br>
                                <b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] languages
                                without feet?</span><span
                                style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                          </div>
                          <div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Thanks
                                  everyone for the helpful comments</span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Mark:
                                  this is an interesting comment, as it
                                  is typically used to argue in favor of
                                  the universality of structures
                                  cross-linguistically.</span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">"
                                </span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"
                                  lang="X-NONE">I’m not sure whether or
                                  not there are languages for which that
                                  would not be true – i.e. in which
                                  assuming a foot level not only adds
                                  nothing, but leads to a less
                                  insightful or unworkable analysis. To
                                  me, that’s a more interesting question
                                  than whether or not we
                                  <i>have</i> to identify a foot
                                  distinct from syllable and word for
                                  any given language to sustain a
                                  particular prosodic analysis (lack of
                                  positive evidence not generally being
                                  taken as negative evidence in
                                  theorizing about UG).</span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">"</span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Perhaps
                                  I'm missing some crucial assumption,
                                  but I don't understand this
                                  formulation. Should it not be up to
                                  those <i>pushing </i>theoretical
                                  claims that the conditions for the
                                  falsifiability of their theories be
                                  clear? If someone is making a claim
                                  that some structure is universal,
                                  should it really be an
                                  <i>open question </i>how they could
                                  ever conceivably be wrong? </span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Nespor
                                  & Vogel (2007:11) make a similar
                                  argument regarding layers of the
                                  prosodic hierarchy. They argue that if
                                  one does not find evidence for a given
                                  layer of the prosodic hierarchy one is
                                  not necessarily warranted in assuming
                                  that the layer is not present. So one
                                  of the reasons that the prosodic
                                  hierarchy hypothesis seems like it has
                                  wide empirical coverage is because it
                                  is basically let off the hook for
                                  accounting for cases where there seems
                                  to be no evidence for its domains. And
                                  the reverse is true as well it turns
                                  out (too many domains? just posit some
                                  are not related to the theory). I've
                                  heard the same argument used to
                                  justify the vP shell, the argument for
                                  binary branching in all languages,
                                  and, of course, for the universal foot
                                  as well. It's been insisted that if I
                                  don't want to adopt the foot I should
                                  provide evidence
                                  <i>against </i>its presence (...
                                  against the presence of something
                                  invisible).</span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">When
                                  are we justified in saying that
                                  positing a particular formal structure
                                  is "unworkable", especially when such
                                  structures are indeterminately
                                  abstract, especially if we are willing
                                  to admit that the structure need not
                                  have any empirical content? Are we not
                                  constructing a hypothesis that is
                                  fundamentally unfalsifiable? Or is the
                                  claim here that falsifiability is not
                                  a good criterion for scientific
                                  status?</span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">And in
                                  linguistic descriptions, in the long
                                  run, doesn't presuming evidence for a
                                  structure when none can be found
                                  present a misleading picture of
                                  typological variation?</span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">best,</span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                  New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Adam</span><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                            </div>
                          </div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                          <div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt">On Mon, May 8,
                                  2023 at 6:39 AM Mark Post <</span><a
                                  href="mailto:mark.post@sydney.edu.au"
                                  target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                    style="font-size:11pt">mark.post@sydney.edu.au</span></a><span
                                  style="font-size:11pt">> wrote:</span></p>
                            </div>
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                              medium 1pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm
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                                <div>
                                  <div>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt">Hi folks,</span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt">Just
                                        briefly, I think Enfield’s
                                        recent analysis of prosodic
                                        structure in Lao</span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><a
href="https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/guwzCq71mwf1kKJlGiZlZRX?domain=doi.org"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                          style="font-size:11pt">https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865681.003.0007</span></a><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"
                                        lang="X-NONE">…which I think
                                        also holds for Thai, suggests
                                        that while it may be
                                        <i>possible</i> to handle
                                        prosodic phenomena at the word
                                        level – basically by
                                        proliferating word “types” –
                                        it’s more
                                        <i>desirable</i> to handle
                                        prosodic phenomena at the
                                        sub-word level – so it’s not
                                        really a case of shoehorning the
                                        data into a particular model for
                                        at least those lgs.
                                      </span><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"
                                        lang="X-NONE"> </span><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"
                                        lang="X-NONE">I’m not sure
                                        whether or not there are
                                        languages for which that would
                                        not be true – i.e. in which
                                        assuming a foot level not only
                                        adds nothing, but leads to a
                                        less insightful or unworkable
                                        analysis. To me, that’s a more
                                        interesting question than
                                        whether or not we
                                        <i>have</i> to identify a foot
                                        distinct from syllable and word
                                        for any given language to
                                        sustain a particular prosodic
                                        analysis (lack of positive
                                        evidence not generally being
                                        taken as negative evidence in
                                        theorizing about UG).
                                      </span><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"
                                        lang="X-NONE"> </span><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"
                                        lang="X-NONE">Cheers</span><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"
                                        lang="X-NONE">Mark</span><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                    <div style="border-style:solid none
                                      none;border-width:1pt medium
                                      medium;padding:3pt 0cm
                                      0cm;border-color:currentcolor">
                                      <p class="MsoNormal"
                                        style="margin-bottom:12pt"><b><span
style="font-size:12pt;color:black">From:
                                          </span></b><span
                                          style="font-size:12pt;color:black">Lingtyp
                                          <</span><a
                                          href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"
                                          target="_blank"
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                            style="font-size:12pt">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span
style="font-size:12pt;color:black">> on behalf of Kirsten <</span><a
href="mailto:kirstenculhane@gmail.com" target="_blank"
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                            style="font-size:12pt">kirstenculhane@gmail.com</span></a><span
style="font-size:12pt;color:black">><br>
                                          <b>Date: </b>Sunday, 7 May
                                          2023 at 00:03<br>
                                          <b>To: </b>Adam James Ross
                                          Tallman <</span><a
                                          href="mailto:ajrtallman@utexas.edu"
                                          target="_blank"
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                            style="font-size:12pt">ajrtallman@utexas.edu</span></a><span
style="font-size:12pt;color:black">><br>
                                          <b>Cc: </b></span><a
                                          href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"
                                          target="_blank"
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                            style="font-size:12pt">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</span></a><span
style="font-size:12pt;color:black"> <</span><a
                                          href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org"
                                          target="_blank"
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                            style="font-size:12pt">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span
style="font-size:12pt;color:black">><br>
                                          <b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp]
                                          languages without feet?</span><span
                                          style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                    </div>
                                    <div>
                                      <div>
                                        <p class="MsoNormal"
                                          style="margin-bottom:12pt"><span
                                            style="font-size:11pt">Hi
                                            Adam and everyone else,<br>
                                            <br>
                                            The Strict Layer Hypothesis
                                            assumes that foot structure
                                            —as for other prosodic
                                            domains — is present in all
                                            languages. I get the
                                            impression, however, that
                                            the lack of evidence or foot
                                            structure in many languages
                                            hasn't been problematised in
                                            the same way as for the
                                            syllable and word - e.g.
                                            Hyman's analysis of Gokana,
                                            Sheiring et al's re:
                                            Vietnamese (one exception is
                                            Özçelik 2017's paper The
                                            Foot is not an obligatory
                                            constituent of the Prosodic
                                            Hierarchy: “stress” in
                                            Turkish, French and child
                                            English).<br>
                                            <br>
                                            Anyway, underlying much of
                                            the discussion here is
                                            ultimately the question of
                                            what constitutes evidence
                                            for foot structure, and what
                                            is the relationship between
                                            foot structure and stress. I
                                            think there's good reasons
                                            not to treat stress as
                                            evidence for foot structure
                                            (you can account for stress
                                            without foot structure, and
                                            empirical evidence for
                                            stress both complex and
                                            lacking for many languages).
                                            This issue is the focus of
                                            my current paper in
                                            Linguistic typology, and is
                                            discussed in more detail in
                                            my forthcoming PhD thesis. <br>
                                            <br>
                                            All the best,<br>
                                            Kirsten </span></p>
                                      </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                        style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                    <div>
                                      <div>
                                        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                            style="font-size:11pt">On
                                            Sat, 6 May 2023 at 11:21,
                                            Adam James Ross Tallman <</span><a
href="mailto:ajrtallman@utexas.edu" target="_blank"
                                            moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt">ajrtallman@utexas.edu</span></a><span
                                            style="font-size:11pt">>
                                            wrote:</span></p>
                                      </div>
                                      <blockquote
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                                        <div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Thanks everyone for your responses (Ian
                                                and David + private
                                                responders),</span><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Great leads to look at!</span><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Here's another question ... have there
                                                been any phonologists
                                                who have proposed or
                                                assume that
                                                <i>all languages have
                                                  feet</i>. I ask
                                                because I've had
                                                reviewer questions and
                                                conference questions
                                                that seem to presuppose
                                                this to be the case. I'd
                                                like to see the original
                                                arguments, if there are
                                                any.</span><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">best,</span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Adam</span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                          </div>
                                        </div>
                                        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                            style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                        <div>
                                          <div>
                                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt">On
                                                Sat, May 6, 2023 at
                                                7:20 AM Ian Maddieson
                                                <</span><a
                                                href="mailto:ianm@berkeley.edu"
                                                target="_blank"
                                                moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                                  style="font-size:11pt">ianm@berkeley.edu</span></a><span
                                                style="font-size:11pt">>
                                                wrote:</span></p>
                                          </div>
                                          <blockquote
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                                            rgb(204,204,204)">
                                            <div>
                                              <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                                  style="font-size:11pt">Hi
                                                  all,</span></p>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                              </div>
                                              <div>
                                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">There must be many languages in which the concept
                                                    of a foot is not
                                                    found to be relevant</span></p>
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">(see Sun-Ah Jun’s chapter "</span><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:rgb(88,89,91);background:white">Prosodic
                                                      Typology: By
                                                      Prominence Type,
                                                      Word prosody, and
                                                      Macro-rhythm"</span><span
style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:rgb(88,89,91);background:white"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt">in </span></p>
                                                </div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span
style="font-size:11pt">Prosodic Typology II</span></u><span
                                                      style="font-size:11pt">
                                                      (edited by Sun-Ah)
                                                      for some
                                                      discussion. The
                                                      notion of a foot
                                                      does not seem to</span></p>
                                                </div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">useful for (standard)  French, Korean, Yorùbá,
                                                      among many others,
                                                      though it can be
                                                      pressed into
                                                      service</span></p>
                                                </div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">in languages such as Thai and Mandarin. Since
                                                      it’s an abstract
                                                      notion, I’m not
                                                      sure what phonetic</span></p>
                                                </div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">data would be capable of providing direct
                                                      evidence either
                                                      for or against the
                                                      notion of a foot,
                                                      though</span></p>
                                                </div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">if for example, vowel length was considered
                                                      important in foot
                                                      construction, data
                                                      could confirm the</span></p>
                                                </div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">presence of greater length where it’s presence
                                                      had been invoked
                                                      to justify foot
                                                      structure.</span></p>
                                                </div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                                </div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">Ian</span></p>
                                                </div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <div>
                                                    <p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:12pt"><span style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                                    <blockquote
                                                      style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">On May 5, 2023, at 09:16, Adam James Ross Tallman
                                                          <</span><a
href="mailto:ajrtallman@utexas.edu" target="_blank"
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="font-size:11pt">ajrtallman@utexas.edu</span></a><span
                                                          style="font-size:11pt">>
                                                          wrote:</span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <p
                                                        class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Hello
                                                          all,</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">In
                                                          Caroline
                                                          Féry's
                                                          excellent
                                                          <i>Prosodic
                                                          Structure and
                                                          Intonation</i>,
                                                          she describes
                                                          a class of
                                                          "phrase
                                                          languages",
                                                          identified as
                                                          languages
                                                          whereby there
                                                          isn't much
                                                          going on at
                                                          the level of
                                                          the prosodic
                                                          word.
                                                          </span><span
                                                          style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">I
                                                          was wondering
                                                          if anyone had
                                                          *described*
                                                          explicitly a
                                                          language where
                                                          the same thing
                                                          could be said
                                                          of feet
                                                          (neither
                                                          iambic or
                                                          trochaic)? Or
                                                          perhaps even
                                                          more
                                                          radically, not
                                                          just that the
                                                          feet don't do
                                                          much, but that
                                                          they aren't
                                                          there at all?</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Perhaps
                                                          there's lots 
                                                          of cases where
                                                          feet haven't
                                                          been proposed,
                                                          are there any
                                                          cases where
                                                          they had been
                                                          proposed, but
                                                          then further
                                                          research
                                                          (perhaps some
                                                          phonetic
                                                          study) found
                                                          that there was
                                                          no evidence
                                                          for them?</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">best,</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)"> </span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Courier
                                                          New";color:rgb(76,17,48)">Adam<br
                                                          clear="all">
                                                          </span><span
                                                          style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"><br>
                                                          -- </span></p>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Adam
                                                          J.R. Tallman</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Post-doctoral
                                                          Researcher
                                                          </span><span
                                                          style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Friedrich
                                                          Schiller
                                                          Universität</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Department
                                                          of English
                                                          Studies</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                        </div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">_______________________________________________<br>
                                                          Lingtyp
                                                          mailing list<br>
                                                          </span><a
                                                          href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="font-size:11pt">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span
style="font-size:11pt"><br>
                                                          </span><a
href="https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/kMvZCr81nytrnP4oXizqpVj?domain=listserv.linguistlist.org"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><span style="font-size:11pt">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                    </blockquote>
                                                  </div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                                  <div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">Ian Maddieson</span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">Department of Linguistics</span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">University of New Mexico</span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">MSC03-2130</span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt">Albuquerque NM 87131-0001</span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <p
                                                        class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                                    </div>
                                                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                                  </div>
                                                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt"> </span></p>
                                                </div>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                          </blockquote>
                                        </div>
                                        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                            style="font-size:11pt"><br
                                              clear="all">
                                            <br>
                                            -- </span></p>
                                        <div>
                                          <div>
                                            <div>
                                              <div>
                                                <div>
                                                  <div>
                                                    <div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Adam
                                                          J.R. Tallman</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Post-doctoral
                                                          Researcher
                                                          </span><span
                                                          style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Friedrich
                                                          Schiller
                                                          Universität</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <div>
                                                        <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Department
                                                          of English
                                                          Studies</span><span
style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                                      </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                  </div>
                                                </div>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                          </div>
                                        </div>
                                        <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                            style="font-size:11pt">_______________________________________________<br>
                                            Lingtyp mailing list<br>
                                          </span><a
                                            href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
                                            target="_blank"
                                            moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span
                                            style="font-size:11pt"><br>
                                          </span><a
href="https://protect-au.mimecast.com/s/kMvZCr81nytrnP4oXizqpVj?domain=listserv.linguistlist.org"
                                            target="_blank"
                                            moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a><span
                                            style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                      </blockquote>
                                    </div>
                                  </div>
                                </div>
                              </div>
                            </blockquote>
                          </div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                              style="font-size:11pt"><br clear="all">
                              <br>
                              <span
                                class="m_1400443819180436551m674872670793850321gmailsignatureprefix">--
                              </span></span></p>
                          <div>
                            <div>
                              <div>
                                <div>
                                  <div>
                                    <div>
                                      <div>
                                        <div>
                                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times
                                              New Roman",serif">Adam
                                              J.R. Tallman</span><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                        </div>
                                        <div>
                                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times
                                              New Roman",serif">Post-doctoral
                                              Researcher
                                            </span><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                        </div>
                                        <div>
                                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times
                                              New Roman",serif">Friedrich
                                              Schiller Universität</span><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                        </div>
                                        <div>
                                          <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times
                                              New Roman",serif">Department
                                              of English Studies</span><span
                                              style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                                        </div>
                                      </div>
                                    </div>
                                  </div>
                                </div>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                          </div>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                  </blockquote>
                </div>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt"><br
                      clear="all">
                    <br>
                    <span
                      class="m_1400443819180436551gmailsignatureprefix">--
                    </span></span></p>
                <div>
                  <div>
                    <div>
                      <div>
                        <div>
                          <div>
                            <div>
                              <div>
                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                    style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times
                                    New Roman",serif">Adam J.R.
                                    Tallman</span><span
                                    style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                              </div>
                              <div>
                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                    style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times
                                    New Roman",serif">Post-doctoral
                                    Researcher
                                  </span><span style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                              </div>
                              <div>
                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                    style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times
                                    New Roman",serif">Friedrich
                                    Schiller Universität</span><span
                                    style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                              </div>
                              <div>
                                <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                    style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times
                                    New Roman",serif">Department of
                                    English Studies</span><span
                                    style="font-size:11pt"></span></p>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                          </div>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </blockquote>
      </div>
      <br clear="all">
      <br>
      <span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br>
      <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature">
        <div dir="ltr">
          <div>
            <div dir="ltr">
              <div dir="ltr">
                <div dir="ltr">
                  <div dir="ltr">
                    <div dir="ltr"><font face="times new roman, serif">Adam
                        J.R. Tallman</font></div>
                    <div dir="ltr"><font face="times new roman, serif">Post-doctoral
                        Researcher <br>
                      </font></div>
                    <div dir="ltr"><font face="times new roman, serif">Friedrich
                        Schiller Universität<br>
                      </font></div>
                    <div><font face="times new roman, serif">Department
                        of English Studies<br>
                      </font></div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <br>
      <fieldset class="moz-mime-attachment-header"></fieldset>
      <pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
    </blockquote>
  </body>
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