<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Just a note on the vowel chart here — formant measurements in Verhoeven (2011) indicate that<div>the two vowels labeled here (and by her) as back unrounded are in fact central vowels (as is the</div><div>case for the great majority of vowels written with <a> in the world’s languages).</div><div><br></div><div>Ian<br><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On May 20, 2023, at 01:31, Christian Lehmann <christian.lehmann@UNI-ERFURT.DE> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><meta charset="UTF-8"><div class="moz-signature" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Dear all,<br><br>many thanks for your helpful answers so far. For additional clarification, here are the Cabecar phoneme inventories:<br><ol><li><div style="line-height: 13.2px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.42cm; margin-bottom: 0.21cm; break-after: avoid;"><a name="__RefNumPara__582785_129293691" moz-do-not-send="true"></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Oral vowel phonemes in strong syllables</i></font></font></div></li></ol><table width="367" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="break-inside: avoid;"><colgroup><col width="81"></colgroup><colgroup><col width="81"><col width="106"><col width="57"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">front</font></p></td><td colspan="2" width="173" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid solid none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">back</font></p></td></tr><tr><td width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-style: none none solid solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-style: none none solid solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="106" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-style: none none solid solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">unrounded</font></p></td><td width="57" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-style: none solid solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">rounded</font></p></td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria, serif">high</font></p></td><td width="81" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">i</span></font></font></p></td><td width="106" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="57" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">u</span></font></font></p></td></tr><tr><td width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria, serif">half-high</font></p></td><td width="81" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">ɪ</span></font></font></p></td><td width="106" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">ɤ</span></font></font></p></td><td width="57" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">ʊ</span></font></font></p></td></tr><tr><td width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria, serif">half-low</font></p></td><td width="81" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">ɛ</span></font></font></p></td><td width="106" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="57" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">ɔ</span></font></font></p></td></tr><tr><td width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria, serif">low</font></p></td><td width="81" style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="106" style="border-style: none none solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">a</span></font></font></p></td><td width="57" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Plus nasal vowels.<br></p><br><ol><li><div style="line-height: 13.2px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.42cm; margin-bottom: 0.21cm; break-after: avoid;"><a name="__RefNumPara__582802_129293691" moz-do-not-send="true"></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Consonantal phonemes</i></font></font></div></li></ol><table width="477" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"><colgroup><col width="31"></colgroup><colgroup><col width="65"></colgroup><colgroup><col width="70"></colgroup><colgroup><col width="59"><col width="44"><col width="47"><col width="35"><col width="43"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="left" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">articulation place</font></p><p class="western" align="left" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">mode</font></p></td><td width="59" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">bilabial</font></p></td><td width="44" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">dental</font></p></td><td width="47" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">palatal</font></p></td><td width="35" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">velar</font></p></td><td width="43" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">glottal</font></p></td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" width="31" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="left" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">stop</font></p></td><td rowspan="2" width="65" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="left" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">voiceless</font></p></td><td width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="left" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">plain</font></p></td><td width="59" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">p</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="44" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">t</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="47" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="35" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">k</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="43" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td></tr><tr><td width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="left" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">aspirated</font></p></td><td width="59" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">pʰ</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="44" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">tʰ</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="47" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="35" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">kʰ</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="43" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td></tr><tr><td width="65" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="left" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">voiced</font></p></td><td width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="left" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="59" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">b</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="44" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">d</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="47" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ɟ</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="35" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="43" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="left" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">fricative</font></p></td><td width="59" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="44" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">s</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="47" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ʃ</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="35" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="43" style="border-style: none solid none none; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">h</font></span></font></font></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="left" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">liquid</font></p></td><td width="59" style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="44" style="border-style: none none solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ɺ</font></span></font></font></p></td><td width="47" style="border-style: none none solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="35" style="border-style: none none solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td><td width="43" style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"><p class="western" align="center" style="line-height: 17.6px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br><br>As may be seen, there is plenty of bilabial stops, but no labial fricatives; there is no [f] even at the phonetic level.<br><br>While the change from [p] via [ɸ] to [h] seems to be the solution for the Japanese and Cariban facts, the Cabecar system would not seem to encourage positing it for this language.<br><br>The details of the alternation of [h] ~ [ɸ] remain to be ascertained. At any rate, there is free variation [h] ~ [x] (or maybe [χ]).<br><br>I am aware that [u] [ɯ] and [ɸ] share a bilabial articulation - although this would require qualification for [ɯ]. However, I have never seen a<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u>phonological</u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>feature [bilabial]. Maybe I must revive Jakobson's [flat]. Or is all of this old-fashioned thinking?<br><br>Greetings, Christian<br>--<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br><p style="line-height: 11.88px; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before: auto; font-size: 10.8px;">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>Rudolfstr. 4<br>99092 Erfurt<br><span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal;">Deutschland</span></p><table style="font-size: 9.6px;"><tbody><tr><td>Tel.:</td><td>+49/361/2113417</td></tr><tr><td>E-Post:</td><td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de" moz-do-not-send="true" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: underline;">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td></tr><tr><td>Web:</td><td><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/" moz-do-not-send="true" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: underline;">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></blockquote></div><br><div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div><div>Ian Maddieson</div><div><br></div><div>Department of Linguistics</div><div>University of New Mexico</div><div>MSC03-2130</div><div>Albuquerque NM 87131-0001</div><div><br></div></div><div><br></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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