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<div class="moz-signature">Dear all,<br>
<br>
many thanks for your helpful answers so far. For additional
clarification, here are the Cabecar phoneme inventories:<br>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.42cm;
margin-bottom: 0.21cm; page-break-after: avoid" align="left"><a
name="__RefNumPara__582785_129293691"
moz-do-not-send="true"></a> <font face="Cambria, serif"><font
style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><i>Oral vowel phonemes
in strong syllables</i></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<table style="page-break-inside: avoid" width="367"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
<colgroup> <col width="81"> </colgroup> <colgroup> <col
width="81"> <col width="106"> <col width="57"> </colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: none; border-left: 1px solid
#000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: none; border-left: 1px solid
#000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">front</font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px
solid #000000; border-bottom: none; border-left: 1px solid
#000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0cm
0.12cm" width="173" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">back</font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: none;
border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid
#000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: none;
border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid
#000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: none;
border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid
#000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="106" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">unrounded</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: none;
border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid
#000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0cm
0.12cm" width="57" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">rounded</font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody> <tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western"> <font face="Cambria, serif">high</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom:
none; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="81">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">i</span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom:
none; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0cm"
width="106">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom:
none; border-left: none; border-right: 1px solid #000000;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm;
padding-right: 0.12cm" width="57">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">u</span></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western"> <font face="Cambria, serif">half-high</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;
border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="81">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">ɪ</span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="106">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">ɤ</span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;
border-left: none; border-right: 1px solid #000000;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm;
padding-right: 0.12cm" width="57">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">ʊ</span></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western"> <font face="Cambria, serif">half-low</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;
border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="81">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">ɛ</span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="106">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;
border-left: none; border-right: 1px solid #000000;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm;
padding-right: 0.12cm" width="57">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">ɔ</span></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western"> <font face="Cambria, serif">low</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid
#000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right:
none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="81">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid
#000000; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding:
0cm" width="106">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx">a</span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid
#000000; border-left: none; border-right: 1px solid
#000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm;
padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0.12cm" width="57">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="western">Plus nasal vowels.<br>
</p>
<style type="text/css">p { color: #000000; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background: transparent; page-break-before: auto }p.western { font-family: "Cambria", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US }p.cjk { font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: de-DE }p.ctl { font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: ar-SA }a:visited { color: #800080; text-decoration: underline }a:link { color: #0000ff; text-decoration: underline }a.sdfootnotesym-western { color: #000000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US; font-weight: normal }a.sdfootnotesym-cjk { color: #000000 }a.sdfootnotesym-ctl { color: #000000; font-family: "Times New Roman", seri</style><br>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.42cm;
margin-bottom: 0.21cm; page-break-after: avoid" align="left"><a
name="__RefNumPara__582802_129293691"
moz-do-not-send="true"></a> <font face="Cambria, serif"><font
style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><i>Consonantal phonemes</i></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<table width="477" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
<colgroup> <col width="31"> </colgroup> <colgroup> <col
width="65"> </colgroup> <colgroup> <col width="70"> </colgroup>
<colgroup> <col width="59"> <col width="44"> <col width="47">
<col width="35"> <col width="43"> </colgroup> <tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px
solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;
border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="left"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">articulation place</font></p>
<p class="western" align="left"><font face="Cambria,
serif">mode</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="59" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">bilabial</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="44" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">dental</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="47" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">palatal</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="35" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">velar</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border: 1px solid #000000;
padding: 0cm 0.12cm" width="43" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">glottal</font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody> <tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px
solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;
border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="31" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="left"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">stop</font></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px
solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;
border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="65" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="left"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">voiceless</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="left"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">plain</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom:
none; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="59">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">p</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom:
none; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0cm"
width="44">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">t</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom:
none; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0cm"
width="47">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom:
none; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0cm"
width="35">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">k</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom:
none; border-left: none; border-right: 1px solid #000000;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm;
padding-right: 0.12cm" width="43">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="left"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">aspirated</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;
border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="59">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">pʰ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="44">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">tʰ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="47">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="35">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">kʰ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;
border-left: none; border-right: 1px solid #000000;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm;
padding-right: 0.12cm" width="43">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="65" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="left"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">voiced</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px solid
#000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left:
1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0cm;
padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0.12cm; padding-right:
0cm" width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="left"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;
border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="59">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">b</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="44">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">d</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="47">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">ɟ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="35">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;
border-left: none; border-right: 1px solid #000000;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm;
padding-right: 0.12cm" width="43">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px
solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;
border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="left"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">fricative</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;
border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="59">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="44">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">s</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="47">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">ʃ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm" width="35">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;
border-left: none; border-right: 1px solid #000000;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 0cm;
padding-right: 0.12cm" width="43">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">h</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0e0; border-top: 1px
solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;
border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none;
padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" align="left"> <font face="Cambria,
serif">liquid</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid
#000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right:
none; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left:
0.12cm; padding-right: 0cm" width="59">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid
#000000; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding:
0cm" width="44">
<p class="western" align="center"> <font color="#3366ff"><font
face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font
face="Cambria, serif">ɺ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid
#000000; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding:
0cm" width="47">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid
#000000; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding:
0cm" width="35">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid
#000000; border-left: none; border-right: 1px solid
#000000; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm;
padding-left: 0cm; padding-right: 0.12cm" width="43">
<p class="western" align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<style type="text/css">p { color: #000000; line-height: 110%; text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr; background: transparent; page-break-before: auto }p.western { font-family: "Cambria", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US }p.cjk { font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: de-DE }p.ctl { font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: ar-SA }a:visited { color: #800080; text-decoration: underline }a:link { color: #0000ff; text-decoration: underline }a.sdfootnotesym-western { color: #000000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; so-language: en-US; font-weight: normal }a.sdfootnotesym-cjk { color: #000000 }a.sdfootnotesym-ctl { color: #000000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif }</style><br>
<br>
As may be seen, there is plenty of bilabial stops, but no labial
fricatives; there is no [f] even at the phonetic level.<br>
<br>
While the change from [p] via [ɸ] to [h] seems to be the solution
for the Japanese and Cariban facts, the Cabecar system would not
seem to encourage positing it for this language.<br>
<br>
The details of the alternation of [h] ~ [ɸ] remain to be
ascertained. At any rate, there is free variation [h] ~ [x] (or
maybe [χ]).<br>
<br>
I am aware that [u] [ɯ] and [ɸ] share a bilabial articulation -
although this would require qualification for [ɯ]. However, I have
never seen a <u>phonological</u> feature [bilabial]. Maybe I must
revive Jakobson's [flat]. Or is all of this old-fashioned
thinking?<br>
<br>
Greetings, Christian<br>
-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
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<td>Tel.:</td>
<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
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<td>E-Post:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated
moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de"
moz-do-not-send="true">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
</tr>
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<td>Web:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
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