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<p>Dear Ian,</p>
<p>confirmed.</p>
<p>However, phonologically (i.e. w.r.t. to their distribution), both
of the non-front unrounded vowels behave as back vowels.</p>
<p>Which brings us back to the occasional non-congruence between
phonetics and phonology.</p>
<p>Christian</p>
<p>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 20.05.2023 um 20:49 schrieb Ian
Maddieson:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:52307535-8EDE-49A8-9C00-A525C0BE9F3C@berkeley.edu">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
Just a note on the vowel chart here — formant measurements in
Verhoeven (2011) indicate that
<div>the two vowels labeled here (and by her) as back unrounded
are in fact central vowels (as is the</div>
<div>case for the great majority of vowels written with <a>
in the world’s languages).</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Ian<br>
<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On May 20, 2023, at 01:31, Christian Lehmann
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:christian.lehmann@UNI-ERFURT.DE"><christian.lehmann@UNI-ERFURT.DE></a> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<div class="moz-signature" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0,
0); font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12px;
font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align:
start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Dear
all,<br>
<br>
many thanks for your helpful answers so far. For
additional clarification, here are the Cabecar phoneme
inventories:<br>
<ol>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 13.2px; text-align:
justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr;
background-color: transparent; break-before: auto;
break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.42cm;
margin-bottom: 0.21cm; break-after: avoid;"><a
name="__RefNumPara__582785_129293691"
moz-do-not-send="true"></a><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font
face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size:
11pt;" size="2"><i>Oral vowel phonemes in
strong syllables</i></font></font></div>
</li>
</ol>
<table style="break-inside: avoid;" width="367"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
<colgroup><col width="81"></colgroup><colgroup><col
width="81"><col width="106"><col width="57"></colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
face="Cambria, serif">front</font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(224,
224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid solid none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0,
0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px;
border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0.12cm;" width="173" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
face="Cambria, serif">back</font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-style: none none solid solid;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-style: none none solid solid;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-style: none none solid solid;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="106" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
face="Cambria, serif">unrounded</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-style: none solid solid;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm;" width="57"
bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
face="Cambria, serif">rounded</font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody><tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">high</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx">i</span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
padding: 0cm;" width="106">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0,
0, 0); border-right-width: 1px;
border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0.12cm 0cm 0cm;" width="57">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx">u</span></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">half-high</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none none solid;
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="81">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx">ɪ</span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"
width="106">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx">ɤ</span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none solid none none;
border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"
width="57">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx">ʊ</span></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">half-low</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none none solid;
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="81">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx">ɛ</span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"
width="106">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none solid none none;
border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"
width="57">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx">ɔ</span></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
serif">low</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none solid solid;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none solid;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;" width="106">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx">a</span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none solid solid none;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px;
border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0.12cm 0cm 0cm;" width="57">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction:
ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before:
auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Plus
nasal vowels.<br>
</p>
<br>
<ol>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 13.2px; text-align:
justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr;
background-color: transparent; break-before: auto;
break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.42cm;
margin-bottom: 0.21cm; break-after: avoid;"><a
name="__RefNumPara__582802_129293691"
moz-do-not-send="true"></a><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font
face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size:
11pt;" size="2"><i>Consonantal phonemes</i></font></font></div>
</li>
</ol>
<table width="477" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
<colgroup><col width="31"></colgroup><colgroup><col
width="65"></colgroup><colgroup><col width="70"></colgroup><colgroup><col
width="59"><col width="44"><col width="47"><col
width="35"><col width="43"></colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(224,
224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
face="Cambria, serif">articulation place</font></p>
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
face="Cambria, serif">mode</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="59" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
face="Cambria, serif">bilabial</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="44" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
face="Cambria, serif">dental</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="47" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
face="Cambria, serif">palatal</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="35" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
face="Cambria, serif">velar</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0.12cm;" width="43" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
face="Cambria, serif">glottal</font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody><tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(224,
224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="31" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
face="Cambria, serif">stop</font></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(224,
224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="65" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
face="Cambria, serif">voiceless</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
face="Cambria, serif">plain</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="59">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">p</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
padding: 0cm;" width="44">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">t</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
padding: 0cm;" width="47">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
padding: 0cm;" width="35">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">k</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0,
0, 0); border-right-width: 1px;
border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0.12cm 0cm 0cm;" width="43">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
face="Cambria, serif">aspirated</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none none solid;
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="59">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">pʰ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="44">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">tʰ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="47">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="35">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">kʰ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none solid none none;
border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"
width="43">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="65" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
face="Cambria, serif">voiced</font></p>
</td>
<td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none none solid;
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="59">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">b</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="44">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">d</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="47">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ɟ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="35">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none solid none none;
border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"
width="43">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(224,
224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
face="Cambria, serif">fricative</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none none solid;
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="59">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="44">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">s</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="47">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ʃ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="35">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none solid none none;
border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"
width="43">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">h</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(224,
224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
face="Cambria, serif">liquid</font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none solid solid;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="59">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none solid;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;" width="44">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ɺ</font></span></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none solid;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;" width="47">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none none solid;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;" width="35">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border-style: none solid solid none;
border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px;
border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
0.12cm 0cm 0cm;" width="43">
<p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<br>
As may be seen, there is plenty of bilabial stops, but
no labial fricatives; there is no [f] even at the
phonetic level.<br>
<br>
While the change from [p] via [ɸ] to [h] seems to be the
solution for the Japanese and Cariban facts, the Cabecar
system would not seem to encourage positing it for this
language.<br>
<br>
The details of the alternation of [h] ~ [ɸ] remain to be
ascertained. At any rate, there is free variation [h] ~
[x] (or maybe [χ]).<br>
<br>
I am aware that [u] [ɯ] and [ɸ] share a bilabial
articulation - although this would require qualification
for [ɯ]. However, I have never seen a<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u>phonological</u><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>feature
[bilabial]. Maybe I must revive Jakobson's [flat]. Or is
all of this old-fashioned thinking?<br>
<br>
Greetings, Christian<br>
--<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
<p style="line-height: 11.88px; text-align: justify;
orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr;
background-color: transparent; break-before: auto;
font-size: 10.8px;">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal;
font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-caps:
small-caps; font-variant-alternates: normal;
font-variant-position: normal;
font-variant-east-asian: normal;">Deutschland</span></p>
<table style="font-size: 9.6px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Tel.:</td>
<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E-Post:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated
moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de"
moz-do-not-send="true" style="color: rgb(0, 0,
255); text-decoration: underline;">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Web:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/"
moz-do-not-send="true" style="color: rgb(0, 0,
255); text-decoration: underline;">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:
separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times;
font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight:
normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none;
-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px; ">
<div>
<div>Ian Maddieson</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Department of Linguistics</div>
<div>University of New Mexico</div>
<div>MSC03-2130</div>
<div>Albuquerque NM 87131-0001</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
</div>
<br>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
<table style="font-size:80%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Tel.:</td>
<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E-Post:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Web:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>