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    <p>Dear Ian,</p>
    <p>confirmed.</p>
    <p>However, phonologically (i.e. w.r.t. to their distribution), both
      of the non-front unrounded vowels behave as back vowels.</p>
    <p>Which brings us back to the occasional non-congruence between
      phonetics and phonology.</p>
    <p>Christian</p>
    <p>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
    </p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 20.05.2023 um 20:49 schrieb Ian
      Maddieson:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
      cite="mid:52307535-8EDE-49A8-9C00-A525C0BE9F3C@berkeley.edu">
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      Just a note on the vowel chart here — formant measurements in
      Verhoeven (2011) indicate that
      <div>the two vowels labeled here (and by her) as back unrounded
        are in fact central vowels (as is the</div>
      <div>case for the great majority of vowels written with <a>
        in the world’s languages).</div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div>Ian<br>
        <div><br>
          <blockquote type="cite">
            <div>On May 20, 2023, at 01:31, Christian Lehmann
              <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:christian.lehmann@UNI-ERFURT.DE"><christian.lehmann@UNI-ERFURT.DE></a> wrote:</div>
            <br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
            <div>
              <meta charset="UTF-8">
              <div class="moz-signature" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0,
                0); font-family: Times-Roman; font-size: 12px;
                font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
                font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align:
                start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;
                -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Dear
                all,<br>
                <br>
                many thanks for your helpful answers so far. For
                additional clarification, here are the Cabecar phoneme
                inventories:<br>
                <ol>
                  <li>
                    <div style="line-height: 13.2px; text-align:
                      justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr;
                      background-color: transparent; break-before: auto;
                      break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.42cm;
                      margin-bottom: 0.21cm; break-after: avoid;"><a
                        name="__RefNumPara__582785_129293691"
                        moz-do-not-send="true"></a><span
                        class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font
                        face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size:
                          11pt;" size="2"><i>Oral vowel phonemes in
                            strong syllables</i></font></font></div>
                  </li>
                </ol>
                <table style="break-inside: avoid;" width="367"
                  cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
                  <colgroup><col width="81"></colgroup><colgroup><col
                      width="81"><col width="106"><col width="57"></colgroup><tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">front</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td colspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(224,
                        224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid solid none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0,
                        0); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px;
                        border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0.12cm;" width="173" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">back</font></p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-style: none none solid solid;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-style: none none solid solid;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-style: none none solid solid;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="106" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">unrounded</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-style: none solid solid;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm;" width="57"
                        bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">rounded</font></p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody><tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
                            serif">high</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
                        0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx">i</span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        padding: 0cm;" width="106">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0,
                        0, 0); border-right-width: 1px;
                        border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0.12cm 0cm 0cm;" width="57">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx">u</span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
                            serif">half-high</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none none solid;
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="81">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx">ɪ</span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"
                        width="106">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx">ɤ</span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none solid none none;
                        border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"
                        width="57">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx">ʊ</span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
                            serif">half-low</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none none solid;
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="81">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx">ɛ</span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;"
                        width="106">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none solid none none;
                        border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"
                        width="57">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx">ɔ</span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="Cambria,
                            serif">low</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none solid solid;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="81">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none solid;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;" width="106">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx">a</span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none solid solid none;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px;
                        border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0.12cm 0cm 0cm;" width="57">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                  text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction:
                  ltr; background-color: transparent; break-before:
                  auto; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Plus
                  nasal vowels.<br>
                </p>
                <br>
                <ol>
                  <li>
                    <div style="line-height: 13.2px; text-align:
                      justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr;
                      background-color: transparent; break-before: auto;
                      break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.42cm;
                      margin-bottom: 0.21cm; break-after: avoid;"><a
                        name="__RefNumPara__582802_129293691"
                        moz-do-not-send="true"></a><span
                        class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font
                        face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size:
                          11pt;" size="2"><i>Consonantal phonemes</i></font></font></div>
                  </li>
                </ol>
                <table width="477" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
                  <colgroup><col width="31"></colgroup><colgroup><col
                      width="65"></colgroup><colgroup><col width="70"></colgroup><colgroup><col
                      width="59"><col width="44"><col width="47"><col
                      width="35"><col width="43"></colgroup><tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(224,
                        224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
                        0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px;
                        border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">articulation    place</font></p>
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">mode</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="59" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">bilabial</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="44" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">dental</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="47" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">palatal</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="35" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">velar</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0.12cm;" width="43" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">glottal</font></p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody><tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td rowspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(224,
                        224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
                        0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px;
                        border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="31" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">stop</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td rowspan="2" style="background-color: rgb(224,
                        224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
                        0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px;
                        border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="65" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">voiceless</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">plain</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none none solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
                        0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="59">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">p</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        padding: 0cm;" width="44">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">t</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        padding: 0cm;" width="47">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        padding: 0cm;" width="35">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">k</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(0,
                        0, 0); border-right-width: 1px;
                        border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0.12cm 0cm 0cm;" width="43">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">aspirated</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none none solid;
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="59">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">pʰ</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="44">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">tʰ</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="47">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="35">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">kʰ</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none solid none none;
                        border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"
                        width="43">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="65" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">voiced</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224);
                        border-top-width: 1px; border-style: solid none
                        solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="70" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none none solid;
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="59">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">b</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="44">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">d</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="47">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ɟ</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="35">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none solid none none;
                        border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"
                        width="43">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(224,
                        224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
                        0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px;
                        border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">fricative</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none none solid;
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="59">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="44">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">s</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="47">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ʃ</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="35">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none solid none none;
                        border-right-width: 1px; border-right-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0.12cm 0cm 0cm;"
                        width="43">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">h</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3" style="background-color: rgb(224,
                        224, 224); border-top-width: 1px; border-style:
                        solid none solid solid; border-top-color: rgb(0,
                        0, 0); border-bottom-width: 1px;
                        border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
                        border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0.12cm;"
                        width="186" bgcolor="#e0e0e0">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="left"><font
                            face="Cambria, serif">liquid</font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none solid solid;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 1px;
                        border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0cm 0cm 0.12cm;" width="59">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none solid;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;" width="44">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><font
                            color="#3366ff"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span
                                lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ɺ</font></span></font></font></p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none solid;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;" width="47">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none none solid;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;" width="35">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                      <td style="border-style: none solid solid none;
                        border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-color:
                        rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-width: 1px;
                        border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm
                        0.12cm 0cm 0cm;" width="43">
                        <p class="western" style="line-height: 17.6px;
                          text-align: justify; orphans: 2; widows: 2;
                          direction: ltr; background-color: transparent;
                          break-before: auto; font-family: Cambria,
                          serif; font-size: 12pt;" align="center"><br>
                        </p>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <br>
                <br>
                As may be seen, there is plenty of bilabial stops, but
                no labial fricatives; there is no [f] even at the
                phonetic level.<br>
                <br>
                While the change from [p] via [ɸ] to [h] seems to be the
                solution for the Japanese and Cariban facts, the Cabecar
                system would not seem to encourage positing it for this
                language.<br>
                <br>
                The details of the alternation of [h] ~ [ɸ] remain to be
                ascertained. At any rate, there is free variation [h] ~
                [x] (or maybe [χ]).<br>
                <br>
                I am aware that [u] [ɯ] and [ɸ] share a bilabial
                articulation - although this would require qualification
                for [ɯ]. However, I have never seen a<span
                  class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><u>phonological</u><span
                  class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>feature
                [bilabial]. Maybe I must revive Jakobson's [flat]. Or is
                all of this old-fashioned thinking?<br>
                <br>
                Greetings, Christian<br>
                --<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
                <p style="line-height: 11.88px; text-align: justify;
                  orphans: 2; widows: 2; direction: ltr;
                  background-color: transparent; break-before: auto;
                  font-size: 10.8px;">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
                  Rudolfstr. 4<br>
                  99092 Erfurt<br>
                  <span style="font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                    font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-caps:
                    small-caps; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                    font-variant-position: normal;
                    font-variant-east-asian: normal;">Deutschland</span></p>
                <table style="font-size: 9.6px;">
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Tel.:</td>
                      <td>+49/361/2113417</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>E-Post:</td>
                      <td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated
                          moz-txt-link-freetext"
                          href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de"
                          moz-do-not-send="true" style="color: rgb(0, 0,
                          255); text-decoration: underline;">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Web:</td>
                      <td><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
                          href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/"
                          moz-do-not-send="true" style="color: rgb(0, 0,
                          255); text-decoration: underline;">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </blockquote>
        </div>
        <br>
        <div>
          <span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:
            separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times;
            font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight:
            normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal;
            orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px;
            text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
            word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px;
            -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;
            -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none;
            -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width:
            0px; ">
            <div>
              <div>Ian Maddieson</div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
              <div>Department of Linguistics</div>
              <div>University of New Mexico</div>
              <div>MSC03-2130</div>
              <div>Albuquerque NM 87131-0001</div>
              <div><br>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div><br>
            </div>
          </span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
        </div>
        <br>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
      <p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
        Rudolfstr. 4<br>
        99092 Erfurt<br>
        <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
      <table style="font-size:80%">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>Tel.:</td>
            <td>+49/361/2113417</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>E-Post:</td>
            <td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Web:</td>
            <td><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>