<html xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)">
<style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Helvetica;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
span.EmailStyle18
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:windowtext;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style>
</head>
<body lang="EN-US" link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Hello James – There’s one trait of the Ainu pattern that matches crosslinguistic tendencies that have been observed in the literature: the fact that nominative/accusative alignment is restricted to 1SG can
be explained with reference to speech act participants being the most likely to occur in the agent/actor role and least likely to occur in the patient/undergoer role. By singling out 1SG undergoers, Ainu follows the well-established principle of marking atypical
referent-role mappings. Cf. Dixon (1994: 83-94). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">This is the only place in the system that shows neutralization of exactly two of the three functions S, O, and A, and this neutralization occurs precisely in one of the two places where it should be most likely
to occur in terms of the mapping of the animacy hierarchy to grammatical functions.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best – Juergen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt">Dixon, R. M. W. (1994).
</span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Ergativity</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of James Wheate <jwhe6921@uni.sydney.edu.au><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, May 25, 2023 at 8:17 PM<br>
<b>To: </b>lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Alignment Typology and problems with Ainu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Hello everyone!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">My name is James Wheate and I am currently an undergraduate student at the University of Sydney.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">I write to you all today as I am facing major problems with a language (Ainu) that I am looking at for one of my classes on Linguistic typology.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">The problem in question is, Ainu is attested to having 3 separate alignment systems (Bugaeva, 2015) that are determined by pronouns. Alignment in Ainu is shown through
verbal affixing alone, with the following distribution:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">1PL, 4SG/’Indefinite person’ are marked using tripartite alignment:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><u><span style="font-size:11.0pt">1PL:</span></u><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">S ci-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">A -as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">O un-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><u><span style="font-size:11.0pt">4SG:</span></u><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">S a-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">A -an<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">O i-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">1SG is marked with nom/acc alignment:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">S/A ku-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">O -en<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Lastly, 2SG, 2PL, and 3SG have ‘neutral’ alignment (so none at all, more so just indexing) in the following way:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><u><span style="font-size:11.0pt">2SG:</span></u><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">S/A/O e-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><u><span style="font-size:11.0pt">2PL:</span></u><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">S/A/O eci-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><u><span style="font-size:11.0pt">3SG:</span></u><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">S/A/O </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#202122;background:white">∅-</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white">As far as my understanding goes, not only is the distribution in Ainu very uncommon, but the motivations for these groups and systems to
arise seem unclear.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white">With these systems it allows me to assume there is a hierarchy as follows:</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white">1PL/4SG -> 1SG -> 2SG/2PL/3SG</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white">As far as I am aware this would be extremely rare and hard to explain.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white">Has anyone else encountered anything similar in other languages? Is there perhaps a diachronic explanation that leads to this morphological
complexity?</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white">As an undergraduate I am at my wits end!</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white">Thank you all very much and as the years progress, I hope I can become more active and knowledgeable on this thread!</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white">Regards,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#202122;background:white">James Wheate.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>