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<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="elementToProof">
Dear Juergen, </div>
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<br>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="elementToProof">
Kagulu, a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania, has a periphrastic causative construction with the auxiliary
<i>golos</i> 'do, make'.</div>
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<br>
</div>
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<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;mso-add-space:auto;tab-stops:1.0cm 6.0cm 375.65pt">
<b><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR" class="ContentPasted0">ka-m-golos-a<span style="mso-tab-count:1" class="ContentPasted0"> </span>ya-m-lim-il-e<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;mso-add-space:auto;tab-stops:1.0cm 99.25pt 6.0cm 375.65pt">
<span lang="NL" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:NL" class="ContentPasted0">sbj</span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language:NL" class="ContentPasted0">.3<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">sg</span>.1-<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">obj.</span>3<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">sg</span>.1-<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" class="ContentPasted0">make</span>-<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">fv</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1" class="ContentPasted0">
</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">sbj</span>.3<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">sg</span>.1.<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">sbjv</span>-<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">obj</span>.3<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">sg</span>.1-cultivate-<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">appl</span>-<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">sbjv</span><br class="ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;mso-add-space:auto;tab-stops:1.0cm 99.25pt 6.0cm 375.65pt">
<span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language:NL" class="ContentPasted0"><b class="ContentPasted0">u-mu-gunda<span style="mso-tab-count:1" class="ContentPasted0">
</span>u-akwe</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin:0cm;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;mso-add-space:auto;tab-stops:1.0cm 99.25pt 177.2pt 347.3pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:EN-US" class="ContentPasted0">ap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" class="ContentPasted0">3-3-farm<span style="mso-tab-count:1" class="ContentPasted0">
</span>3-<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">poss</span>.3<span style="font-variant:small-caps" class="ContentPasted0">sg</span>.1<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;tab-stops:1.0cm">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US" class="ContentPasted0">‘S/he made him/her cultivate on his/her farm.’
<o:p class="ContentPasted0"> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;tab-stops:1.0cm">
<span class="ContentPasted0">(Petzell 2008: 147-148)</span><o:p class="ContentPasted0" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </o:p></p>
<br>
</div>
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<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="elementToProof">
Like many Bantu languages, Kagulu also still has a verbal causative suffix <i>-is/-es</i>, e.g.
<i>on-es</i> 'show' from <i>on </i>'see'. However, this suffix is no longer productively used to derive causative verbs from non-causative ones. Although this does not contradict the tendency you describe from a synchronic perspective, I assume at some point
in time the periphrastic and morphological causative coding strategies must have co-existed with varying degrees of productivity. That diachronic situation would be an exception to the tendency you describe. It also remains a question why a new periphrastic
strategy to code causativity was developed when a morphological strategy was readily available.</div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="elementToProof">
<br>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="elementToProof">
Sebastian Dom</div>
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<br>
</div>
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<p class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt">
<span lang="EN-US" class="ContentPasted1">Petzell, Malin. 2008. <i class="ContentPasted1">
The Kagulu language of Tanzania: Grammar, texts and vocabulary</i> (East African Languages and Dialects 19). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.<o:p class="ContentPasted1"> </o:p></span></p>
<br>
</div>
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<br>
</div>
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<br>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><b>Van:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> namens lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Verzonden:</b> woensdag 7 juni 2023 22:23<br>
<b>Aan:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Onderwerp:</b> Lingtyp Digest, Vol 105, Issue 6</font>
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Today's Topics:<br>
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1. Re: A generalization about morphological and syntactic<br>
causatives (Jess Tauber)<br>
<br>
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----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
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Message: 1<br>
Date: Wed, 7 Jun 2023 16:23:23 -0400<br>
From: Jess Tauber <tetrahedralpt@gmail.com><br>
To: Neil Myler <myler@bu.edu><br>
Cc: Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77@buffalo.edu>,<br>
"LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org"<br>
<lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] A generalization about morphological and<br>
syntactic causatives<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<CA+30tAQvELsmH7q19qNc3S3EQvgzS-wZ3dvbgAsJdyJByOZ75Q@mail.gmail.com><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
I've worked on the recently extinct genetic isolate Yahgan from Tierra del<br>
Fuego for the past quarter of a century. It had a simple causative tu:-<br>
(colon marks the tenseness of the vowel preceding it) and a<br>
permissive-causative u:-, and other voice prefixes containing both. It also<br>
had two lexemes used in periphrastic causatives wvshta:gu: (v schwa, sh<br>
shibilant voiceless fricative) 'work,do, make, manufacture, create, labor,<br>
complete, accomplish, act' and a:kina 'do, make, work, capture, catch, get<br>
back, retake'. The difference between them is that wvshta:gu: appears to be<br>
used where something NEW is made or done versus a:kina, where the former<br>
state is restored (so anti-entropic?). Based on the fact that most of the<br>
grammatical affixes still have full lexical antecedents I'd speculate that<br>
split between the morphological and lexical/periphrastic causatives was<br>
still in play when the language became moribund decades ago. So maybe a<br>
language has to 'choose' at some point, and Yahgan hadn't done so yet when<br>
it became extinct?<br>
<br>
Jess Tauber<br>
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On Wed, Jun 7, 2023 at 3:57?PM Neil Myler <myler@bu.edu> wrote:<br>
<br>
> Dear Juergen,<br>
> isiXhosa (Nguni, Bantu) is a counter-example. These examples come from a<br>
> joint paper by me and Zoliswa Mali that came out in* Syntax* a couple of<br>
> years ago (the bolding highlights an alternation in the marking of the<br>
> causee that plays an important role in the paper; numerals in the glosses<br>
> are for noun classes):<br>
><br>
> [image: Screenshot 2023-06-07 at 3.53.39 PM.png]<br>
> [image: Screenshot 2023-06-07 at 3.54.04 PM.png]<br>
><br>
> Best,<br>
> Neil<br>
><br>
> On Wed, Jun 7, 2023 at 2:57?PM Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77@buffalo.edu><br>
> wrote:<br>
><br>
>> Dear all ? It seems that languages with fully productive morphological<br>
>> causatives tend to lack syntactic (a.k.a. periphrastic/analytical)<br>
>> causatives. By ?fully productive?, I mean crucially that the causative<br>
>> marker can be applied to already transitive (and thus semantically<br>
>> causative) bases, and therefore can be used to express indirect causation.<br>
>> Examples of languages that have fully productive morphological causatives<br>
>> in this sense and lack periphrastic causative constructions include<br>
>> Chuvash, Japanese, Hindi/Urdu, and Shawi (Cahuapanan, Peru).<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> Two questions about the above generalization:<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> (i) Are there counterexamples?<br>
>><br>
>> (ii) Are there statements of this generalization in the<br>
>> literature?<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> Thanks! ? Juergen<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
>> Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
>> University at Buffalo<br>
>><br>
>> Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
>> Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260<br>
>> Phone: (716) 645 0127<br>
>> Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
>> Email: jb77@buffalo.edu<br>
>> Web: <a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" data-auth="NotApplicable">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</a><br>
>><br>
>> Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585<br>
>> 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh)<br>
>><br>
>> There?s A Crack In Everything - That?s How The Light Gets In<br>
>> (Leonard Cohen)<br>
>><br>
>> --<br>
>><br>
>><br>
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