<html xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)">
<style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:宋体;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:DengXian;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"\@等线";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:"\@宋体";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
span.EmailStyle18
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:DengXian;
color:windowtext;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style>
</head>
<body lang="ZH-CN" link="blue" vlink="purple" style="word-wrap:break-word;-webkit-nbsp-mode: space;line-break:after-white-space">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I happen to read an article several years ago about negation in the Xichang dialect of Southwestern Mandarin (Sinitic) in which the swear word
<i>qiu </i>‘penis’ is used as a general negator. See the example below:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Xichang
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:DengXian">今年子的雨水多，小花山的桃子都<span style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">酋</span>甜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Jinnianzi de yushui duo, XiaoHuaShan de taozi dou
<b><span style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow">qiu</span></b> tian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">This.year
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">mod </span>rain many <span style="font-variant:small-caps">
placename mod </span>peach all <span style="font-variant:small-caps">
neg </span>sweet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘It rained a lot this year. The peaches grown in XiaoHuaShan are not sweet.</span><span style="font-family:DengXian">’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Although the author use the character
</span><span style="font-family:DengXian">酋，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I suppose the etymon should be
<i>qiu</i> </span><span style="font-family:DengXian">㞗</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<span lang="EN-US">‘penis’. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Here is the reference:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Chen, Yan
</span><span style="font-family:DengXian">陈燕</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">. 2014.
</span><span style="font-family:DengXian">西昌方言否定句的表达形式</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<span lang="EN-US">[Negation in the Xichang dialect]. </span></span><span style="font-family:DengXian">《文教资料》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">. 25-26, 40.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">All the best<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Shanshan Lü<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:DengXian"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div id="mail-editor-reference-message-container">
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="color:black">发件人</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Lingtyp
<lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> </span><span style="color:black">代表</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> Pun Ho Lui <luiph001@gmail.com><br>
</span><b><span style="color:black">日期</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
</span><span style="color:black">星期二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">, 2023</span><span style="color:black">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">6</span><span style="color:black">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">13</span><span style="color:black">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
20:35<br>
</span><b><span style="color:black">收件人</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
</span><b><span style="color:black">主题</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"> [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer:
a cross-linguistic perspective<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear linguists,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Swearwords/taboo words can function as a negator (1) or minimizer/“squatitive” (2):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(1) Cantonese <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>我<span lang="EN-US"> </span>撚<span lang="EN-US"> </span>知<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 1sg dick know<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> ‘I don’t know.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(2) I learn fuck all/ shit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">‘I learn nothing.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Other languages with these pattens include:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">- Russian <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">- German <i>einen Teufel </i>‘a devil’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">- Swedish <i>så fan Heller</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US">- </span></i><span lang="EN-US">French
<i>mon cul</i> ‘my ass’ (?)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">- Polish <i>chuj </i>‘dick’; <i>gówno </i>
’shit’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">- Serbian <i>kurac </i>‘penis'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">- Croatian <i>kurac ‘penis’</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">- Colloquail Finnish “aggressive mood”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">These examples are provided in: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/">https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I am wondering if there are other languages performing similar constructions. If so, is the any requirement for using them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Thank you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Warmest,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Pun Ho Lui<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>