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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Hello Maïa – It seems that _<i>shit</i>_ etc. start out as NPIs, just like _<i>anything</i>_ in _<i>I don’t know anything.</i>_ What we are dealing with seems to be reanalysis of NPIs as negators, which I
assume is a case of grammaticalization. – Best – Juergen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
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Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
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(Leonard Cohen) </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of PONSONNET Maia <maia.ponsonnet@cnrs.fr><br>
<b>Date: </b>Tuesday, June 13, 2023 at 12:15 PM<br>
<b>To: </b><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a cross-linguistic perspective<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Hello, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Please excuse my ignorance as a non native speaker, but to my ears, "I don't know shit" sounds like a double negation, structurally equivalent to "I don't know nothing". I
wouldn't be sure how to interpret "shit" as an intensifier here - very pleased to be enlightened. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Thanks for an interesting and fun thread ;-). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Maïa <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Maïa Ponsonnet</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Chargée de Recherche HDR @ CNRS Dynamique Du Langage</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">14, avenue Berthelot, 69007 Lyon, FRANCE -- +33 4 72 72 65 46</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Adjunct @ University of Western Australia</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">+ + + + +</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Co-rédactrice en chef du <i>Journal de la Société des Océanistes</i></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"><a href="https://journals.openedition.org/jso/">https://journals.openedition.org/jso/</a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">De :</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> de la part de Ian Joo <ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp><br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> mardi 13 juin 2023 15:43<br>
<b>À :</b> <LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a cross-linguistic perspective</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Dear all,
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">technically speaking, I think Pun Ho Lui’s original question was swear words acting as negators, not just intensifiers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">So phrases like “I don’t know shit” wouldn’t apply, only those like “I know shit” (intended meaning: I don’t know anything).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Ian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">13/6/2023
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black">오후</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> 3:37, Eitan Grossman <eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black">작성</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">I don't know if anyone has mentioned this, but Jespersen already discussed this phenomenon to some extent in his 1917 monograph on negation, and it was extended
by many including Ross & Postal, Horn, and others (e.g., 'squatitive negation' as in 'You don't know doodly-squat.')<br clear="all">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">For the sake of typology, some of the Hebrew terms for penis (mainly
<i>zayin</i> and <i>zibbi</i>, the latter a loanword) also show the behavior mentioned by Pun Ho Lui, Misha, and others.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">On Tue, Jun 13, 2023 at 4:23 PM Lewis C Howe <<a href="mailto:chowe@uga.edu" target="_blank">chowe@uga.edu</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Hi Pun Ho Lui and all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">These patterns are relatively common in Romance Languages. For instance, in Spanish you can find
the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">(No) me importa un(a) coño|pedo|chingada|polla|etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">NEG 1sg.ACC matter.3sg a vagina|fart|fuck|dick|etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">‘I don’t care at all.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">There are a number of lexical options, which, not surprisingly, are quite dialectally diverse.
The preverbal negation is optional, and, for some speakers in some collocations, may in fact be dispreferred.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Following up on the comment about
<i>đavola </i>("devil") in BCMS/Serbo-Croation, there’s a similar construction in Romance (illustrated below in Spanish) that (typically) involves wh-words. This construction also includes similarly taboo lexical options—e.g.,
<i>carajo </i>‘shit’, <i>cojones </i>‘testicles’. These types of constructions, at least for English, are described by Pesetsky (1987) as “Aggressively Non-D-Linked” wh-phrases.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">¿Qué demonios quieres?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">What devils want.2sg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">‘What the hell do you want?’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Chad Howe<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Pesetsky, D. 1987. Wh-in-situ: Movement and unselective binding. In
<i>The representation of (in)definiteness</i>, ed. by Eric Reuland and Alice G. B. ter Meulen, 98-130. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" target="_blank">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Tuesday, June 13, 2023 at 9:01 AM<br>
<b>To: </b>Stefan Savić <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" target="_blank">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc: </b><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a cross-linguistic perspective</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:#BA0C2F">[EXTERNAL SENDER - PROCEED CAUTIOUSLY]</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Dear Pun Ho Lui,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">In Russian strong speech, 'penis' is used as a non-referential NP in different type of emphatic
negation; including constructions very similar to what you quote. See for examples, some way below. Note that "ни" is a negative particle distinct from regular negative "не" and commonly (though not exclusively) used under the scope of clausal negation; I
am not sure how to gloss it. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Sincerely,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Michael Daniel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">он ни хуя не знает<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">he.nom not penis-Sg.Gen not knows<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">'he does not know anything at all'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">хуй тебе, а не деньги<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">penis.Sg.Nom you.sg-Dat, and not money<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">'You are not getting anything, you are not (instead of) getting any money'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">ни хуя (подобн-ого)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">not penis-Sg.Gen (similar-N.Sg.Gen)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">'Nothing like that at all!'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">вт, 13 июн. 2023 г. в 14:45, Stefan Savić <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" target="_blank">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>>:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Dear Pun Ho Lui, Dear All,
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">In BCMS/Serbocroatian one can also use the genitive singular form
<i>đavola </i>("devil") in the same function, now hardly considered a swear word per se, but once it definitely was (along with other religious terms). As a matter of fact, in numerous such instances, the nominative singular
<i>kurac</i> is often replaceable with the genitive singular <i>đavola </i>(whereby the latter sounds considerably milder than the former).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Stefan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">On Tue, 13 Jun 2023 at 14:35, Pun Ho Lui <<a href="mailto:luiph001@gmail.com" target="_blank">luiph001@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Dear linguists,
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Swearwords/taboo words can function as a negator (1) or minimizer/“squatitive” (2):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">(1) Cantonese <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black">我</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black">撚</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black">知</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> 1sg dick know<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> ‘I don’t know.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">(2) I learn fuck all/ shit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">‘I learn nothing.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Other languages with these pattens include:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">- Russian <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">- German
<i>einen Teufel </i>‘a devil’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">- Swedish
<i>så fan Heller</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">-
</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">French
<i>mon cul</i> ‘my ass’ (?)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">- Polish
<i>chuj </i>‘dick’; <i>gówno </i>’shit’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">- Serbian
<i>kurac </i>‘penis'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">- Croatian
<i>kurac ‘penis’</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">- Colloquail Finnish “aggressive mood”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">These examples are provided in: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/" target="_blank">https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">I am wondering if there are other languages performing similar constructions. If so, is the any
requirement for using them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Thank you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Warmest,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Pun Ho Lui<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
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