<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span><div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">Dear all, </span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">To add to what was mentioned before regarding Slavic languages, *surprise surprise* the same strategy with ‘penis’ can also be found in Ukrainian. </span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">*Interestingly*, the same strategies are replicated in some Uralic languages in contact with Slavic. For instance, colloquial Estonian replicates the noun for ‘penis’ (</span><em style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">hui</em><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">) with the pattern (1a). [To my knowledge, the noun </span><em style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">hui </em><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">is used in colloquial Estonian mainly in the expressions calqued from Russian and is not used as a synonym of the Estonian nouns with the same meaning: </span><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eki.ee/cgi-bin/sl_dic/?7" class="editor-rtfLink" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; color: rgb(74, 110, 224);"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">https://www.eki.ee/cgi-bin/sl_dic/?7</span></a><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">.] </span></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">Hungarian, in turn, seems to replicate only the pattern using its own vocabulary and, perhaps, formed according to the “rules” of the language where a body part more harmonically(?) gets a possessive suffix (hence: ‘my penis’). </span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">(1) </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">a. Estonian (etTenTen19)</span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><i class=""><strong style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">hui</strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""> oleks viitsinud</span></i></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">penis(Ru.) be:cond manage:pp</span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">b. Russian (p.k.)</span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class=""><i class=""><b class="">xuj</b> by spravilsja</i></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">penis ptcl.cond manage.pst.m. </span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">‘Penis I would have managed.’ </span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">(2) Hungarian </span><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="font-size: 14px; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">(</span><a target="_blank" href="http://books.google.com/" class="editor-rtfLink" style="font-size: 14px; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; color: rgb(74, 110, 224);"><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">books.google.com</span></a><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="font-size: 14px; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">)</span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><i class=""><strong style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">a faszom tudja</strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">, kicsoda...</span></i></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">def penis:poss.1sg know:prs.1sg.def who</span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">‘My penis knows who…’ </span></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">*Even more interestingly*, it seems that the construction acquires an entirely different interpretation if the addressee-referring 2sg possessive suffix is used:</span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); font-size: 14px;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">(3) Hungarian (t</span></span><font color="#0e101a" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(14, 16, 26); font-size: 14px;" class=""><a href="http://umblr.com" class="">umblr.com</a>) </span></font></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><i class="">Nem kell ezt túlspirázni, </i></span><i class=""><strong style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">a faszod tudja</strong><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""> mi kell neked.</span></i></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">neg need:prs.3sg dem.prox:acc overdo(?):inf def penis:2sg know:prs.3sg.def what need:prs.3sg dat:poss.2sg</span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class="">‘No need to overdo(?) it, your penis knows what you need.’</span></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">As much as I can infer as a non-native Hungarian speaker/reader, 'your penis’ </span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">here</span><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""> means 'you alone' and not 'you don't'. I have only checked for the verb ‘know’ in Google since it was what I had encountered before, but it would be interesting to examine further if other verbs can be used the same way and if the change of possessor has the same effect everywhere. </span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">Best wishes from Tartu!</span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 14px;" class="">Denys Teptiuk</span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div style="color: rgb(14, 16, 26); margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><span data-preserver-spaces="true" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 16. Jun 2023, at 13:17, Randy John LaPolla <<a href="mailto:RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg" class="">RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta charset="UTF-8" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Thanks very much, Professor Ramat!</span><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">All the best,</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">Randy <br class=""><br class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">Sent from my phone</div><div dir="ltr" class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="">On 16 Jun 2023, at 5:55 PM, Paolo Ramat <<a href="mailto:paoram@unipv.it" class="">paoram@unipv.it</a>> wrote:<br class=""><br class=""></blockquote></div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><table width="100%" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td bgcolor="#ffffff" class=""><font class=""><pre class=""><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="100%" style="width: 741px; table-layout: fixed;" class=""><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="width: 3.328125px; background-color: rgb(0, 70, 255); padding: 5.25pt 1.5pt;" class=""></td><td width="100%" cellpadding="7px 5px 7px 15px" style="width: 713.671875px; background-color: rgb(238, 247, 251); padding: 5.25pt 3.75pt 5pt 11.25pt; word-wrap: break-word;" class=""><p class=""><strong class="">[Alert: Non-NTU Email] Be cautious before clicking any link or attachment.</strong></p></td></tr></tbody></table></pre></font></td></tr></tbody></table><div dir="auto" class="">Dear Randy, the plural _cats_ is phonetically equivalent to Ital. _cazzo_ /'katso/ with the usual dropping of the final vowel (more exactly a schwa). Consequently, _cats_ seems ti be a loanword / espression used in particular not formal contexts -- though the non-standard Ital. usual vulgar form for "I have nothing" would be "Non ho un cazzo", with double negation and article. <div dir="auto" class="">Best,</div><div dir="auto" class="">Paolo </div></div><br class=""><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il Ven 16 Giu 2023, 10:57 Randy John LaPolla <<a href="mailto:RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">RandyLaPolla@ntu.edu.sg</a>> ha scritto:<br class=""></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Hi Pier,<div class="">Growing up in an Italian neighborhood in New York, we would use a lot of Italian terms in our English, and one common expression (pronounced in the Napolitano way, with the final vowel dropped, as with Maron for Madona) was, for example if you were playing cards or some other game, “I got kats”, meaning 'I have nothing’.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">All the best,</div><div class="">Randy<br class=""><div class=""><div dir="auto" style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span style="font-size: 13px;" class="">——</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 13px;" class="">Professor Randy J. LaPolla（罗仁地), PhD FAHA </span><br style="font-size: 13px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 13px;" class="">Center for Language Sciences</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 13px;" class="">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 13px;" class="">Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai Campus</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 13px;" class="">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City, Guangdong, China</span><br style="font-size: 13px;" class=""><br style="font-size: 13px;" class=""><div style="font-size: 13px;" class="">邮编：519000<br class="">广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路18号木铎楼A302<br class="">北京师范大学珠海校区<br class="">人文和社会科学高等研究院<br class="">语言科学研究中心 </div></div></div><div class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 15 Jun 2023, at 12:15 AM, Pier Marco Bertinetto <<a href="mailto:piermarco.bertinetto@sns.it" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">piermarco.bertinetto@sns.it</a>> wrote:</div><br class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">Dear All,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">I was hoping somebody else would provide the Italian view on this, but since nobody did... (well, Paolo Ramat did, but there is more to say about it).</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">The word<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">cazzo</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[katso] 'penis' is very often heard in colloquial speech, and one can now also hear it in the media, especially in entertainment programs (inconceivable until some 20 years ago).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">It can be used in different ways, for instance as a self-contained exclamation, expressing a wide range of meanings (both positive and negative ones).<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">As far as I can tell, in negative clauses it is used in two ways:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">1) as a negation emphasizer<br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;"><i class="">Non ho capito un cazzo</i></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">'I did not understand a hell (of it)'</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">2) as an emphatic negator</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;"><i class="">Col cazzo che ho capito</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[lit. 'with the penis that I understood'; strong emphasis on<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">cazzo</i>]<br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">Same meaning as above, but with the pragmatic addition of reacting to the contrary opinion (possibly, merely hypothesized as a rhetorical alternative).</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">Needless to say, there are vernacular alternatives, like the originally Sicilian<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">minchia</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[minkja], which is a possible alternative in usage (1). I am not sure I ever heard it in usage (2), but I cannot exclude that some people do. The interest here lies in the incipient grammaticalization path that one can detect from intensifier (1) to actual negator (2).<br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">Ad maiora!<br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;">Pier Marco</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: large;"><br class=""></div></div><br class=""><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno mar 13 giu 2023 alle ore 22:50 Miestamo, Matti M P <<a href="mailto:matti.miestamo@helsinki.fi" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">matti.miestamo@helsinki.fi</a>> ha scritto:<br class=""></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;">Hi, All,<br class=""><br class="">Finnish is quite interesting in this regard. Swearwords (e.g. paskat ’shit’, vittu ’female genitals (vulgar)') can be used as negators clause initially. The standard negation construction in Finnish has a negative auxiliary inflected for person and number, and then the lexical verb appears in a non-finite connegative form. Interestingly, with these swearwords used as negators, the lexical verb can also appear in the connegative form, so the swearword takes the place of the negative auxiliary in the construction. There is some variation, though, and sometimes the lexical verb occurs with finite inflecttions. Here are some (colloquial Southern FInnish) examples:<br class=""><br class="">Mä laulan suihkus ’I sing in the shower'<br class="">1SG sing.1SG shower.INE<br class=""><br class="">Mä en laula suihkus ’I don’t sing in the shower'<br class="">1SG NEG.1SG sing.CNG shower.INE<br class=""><br class="">En mä suihkus laula ’I don’t sing in the *shower*’ (more contrastive with the negator appearing initially)<br class="">NEG.1SG 1SG shower.INE sing.CNG<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class=""><br class="">Vittu mä suihkus laula ’I *don’t* sing in the shower’, ’The hell I sing in the shower’<br class="">SW 1SG shower.INE sing.CNG<br class=""><br class="">Vitut mä suihkus laulan ’I *don’t* sing in the shower’, ’The hell I sing in the shower’<br class=""><a href="http://sw.pl/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">SW.PL</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1SG shower.INE sing.1SG<br class=""><br class="">(It has even been suggested that the personal pronoun is cliticized to the swearword and then it could be seen as a paradigm — vittu-mä, vittu-sä, etc. that has been half-humorously called the aggressive mood...)<br class=""><br class="">The system is more complicated than can be shown here, but I hope this gives an idea of how it basically works. Unfortunately there isn’t much written on it in English. (Note also that it is in many ways related to an emphatic negative construction where negation is expressed without overt negators; there is a short account of this in my paper "Negatives without negators” in the 2010 Rara Rarissima volume.)<br class=""><br class="">Best,<br class="">Matti<br class=""><br class="">--<br class="">Matti Miestamo<br class=""><a href="https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/matmies/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/matmies/</a><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class="">> Eline Visser <<a href="mailto:eelienu@pm.me" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">eelienu@pm.me</a>> kirjoitti 13.6.2023 kello 22.51:<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Norwegian has:<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Veita faen/søren<br class="">> Know devil<br class="">> ‘I don’t know.’<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> (Alt. spelling veit/vet da faen/søren if you want to google.)<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> I can’t think of anything in my native language Dutch but would be interested to learn.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> On Tue, Jun 13, 2023 at 16:42, <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Send Lingtyp mailing list submissions to<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>> or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> You can reach the person managing the list at<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp-owner@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-owner@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific<br class="">>> than "Re: Contents of Lingtyp digest..."<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Today's Topics:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 1. Re: Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a<br class="">>> cross-linguistic perspective (Stefan Savi?)<br class="">>> 2. Re: Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a<br class="">>> cross-linguistic perspective (Tom Koss)<br class="">>> 3. Re: Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a<br class="">>> cross-linguistic perspective (Mira Ariel)<br class="">>> 4. Re: Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a<br class="">>> cross-linguistic perspective (Pun Ho Lui)<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ----------------------------------------------------------------------<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Message: 1<br class="">>> Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2023 16:16:52 +0200<br class="">>> From: Stefan Savi? <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>><br class="">>> To: Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>><br class="">>> Cc: Ian Joo <<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a>>,<br class="">>> "<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>>"<br class="">>> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a<br class="">>> cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>> Message-ID:<br class="">>> <<a href="mailto:CA%2B1szGCw4YpZEcZP_1eFvaTqyygncsoho9RYrBBMTixTMFNSpA@mail.gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">CA+1szGCw4YpZEcZP_1eFvaTqyygncsoho9RYrBBMTixTMFNSpA@mail.gmail.com</a>><br class="">>> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Same applies to BCMS *?avola*:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?avola mi je pomogao.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> devil.m.sg.gen pron.1sg.dat be.prs.3sg<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://help.pfv.pst.m.sg/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">help.pfv.pst.m.sg</a><br class="">>> =<br class="">>> Kurac mi je pomogao.<br class="">>> cock.m.sg.nom pron.1sg.dat be.prs.3sg<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://help.pfv.pst.m.sg/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">help.pfv.pst.m.sg</a><br class="">>> "He helped me, my ass" (= He didn't help me at all).<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> On Tue, 13 Jun 2023 at 15:51, Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> > This is true.<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > But I think my second Russian example, where 'penis' means nothing, can<br class="">>> > qualify; and also examples are possible like 'penis it knows' for 'I don't<br class="">>> > / no one knows', where no regular negative particle is used. This is pretty<br class="">>> > common in collquial communication, so much so that it made it to a rare<br class="">>> > phenomenon of acronym in spoken language - ?? [??ze] 'I don't know; this is<br class="">>> > unclear' from lit. penis knows.<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > Michael<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > ??, 13 ???. 2023??. ? 15:44, Ian Joo <<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a>>:<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> >> Dear all,<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> technically speaking, I think Pun Ho Lui?s original question was swear<br class="">>> >> words acting as negators, not just intensifiers.<br class="">>> >> So phrases like ?I don?t know shit? wouldn?t apply, only those like ?I<br class="">>> >> know shit? (intended meaning: I don?t know anything).<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Regards,<br class="">>> >> Ian<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> 13/6/2023 ?? 3:37, Eitan Grossman <<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a>> ??:<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> I don't know if anyone has mentioned this, but Jespersen already<br class="">>> >> discussed this phenomenon to some extent in his 1917 monograph on negation,<br class="">>> >> and it was extended by many including Ross & Postal, Horn, and others<br class="">>> >> (e.g., 'squatitive negation' as in 'You don't know doodly-squat.')<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> For the sake of typology, some of the Hebrew terms for penis (mainly<br class="">>> >> *zayin* and *zibbi*, the latter a loanword) also show the behavior<br class="">>> >> mentioned by Pun Ho Lui, Misha, and others.<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> On Tue, Jun 13, 2023 at 4:23?PM Lewis C Howe <<a href="mailto:chowe@uga.edu" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">chowe@uga.edu</a>> wrote:<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >>> Hi Pun Ho Lui and all,<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> These patterns are relatively common in Romance Languages. For instance,<br class="">>> >>> in Spanish you can find the following:<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> (No) me importa un(a) co?o|pedo|chingada|polla|etc.<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> NEG 1sg.ACC matter.3sg a vagina|fart|fuck|dick|etc.<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> ?I don?t care at all.?<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> There are a number of lexical options, which, not surprisingly, are<br class="">>> >>> quite dialectally diverse. The preverbal negation is optional, and, for<br class="">>> >>> some speakers in some collocations, may in fact be dispreferred.<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Following up on the comment about *?avola *("devil") in<br class="">>> >>> BCMS/Serbo-Croation, there?s a similar construction in Romance (illustrated<br class="">>> >>> below in Spanish) that (typically) involves wh-words. This construction<br class="">>> >>> also includes similarly taboo lexical options?e.g., *carajo *?shit?, *cojones<br class="">>> >>> *?testicles?. These types of constructions, at least for English, are<br class="">>> >>> described by Pesetsky (1987) as ?Aggressively Non-D-Linked? wh-phrases.<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> ?Qu? demonios quieres?<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> What devils want.2sg<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> ?What the hell do you want??<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Best wishes,<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Chad Howe<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Pesetsky, D. 1987. Wh-in-situ: Movement and unselective binding. In *The<br class="">>> >>> representation of (in)definiteness*, ed. by Eric Reuland and Alice G.<br class="">>> >>> B. ter Meulen, 98-130. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> *From: *Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf<br class="">>> >>> of Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>><br class="">>> >>> *Date: *Tuesday, June 13, 2023 at 9:01 AM<br class="">>> >>> *To: *Stefan Savi? <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>><br class="">>> >>> *Cc: *<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<br class="">>> >>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> >>> *Subject: *Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a<br class="">>> >>> cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> [EXTERNAL SENDER - PROCEED CAUTIOUSLY]<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Dear Pun Ho Lui,<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> In Russian strong speech, 'penis' is used as a non-referential NP in<br class="">>> >>> different type of emphatic negation; including constructions very similar<br class="">>> >>> to what you quote. See for examples, some way below. Note that "??" is a<br class="">>> >>> negative particle distinct from regular negative "??" and commonly (though<br class="">>> >>> not exclusively) used under the scope of clausal negation; I am not sure<br class="">>> >>> how to gloss it.<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Sincerely,<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Michael Daniel<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> he.nom not penis-Sg.Gen not knows<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> 'he does not know anything at all'<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> ??? ????, ? ?? ??????<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> penis.Sg.Nom<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://you.sg/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">you.sg</a>-Dat, and not money<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> 'You are not getting anything, you are not (instead of) getting any<br class="">>> >>> money'<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> ?? ??? (??????-???)<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> not penis-Sg.Gen (similar-N.Sg.Gen)<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> 'Nothing like that at all!'<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> ??, 13 ???. 2023??. ? 14:45, Stefan Savi? <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>>:<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Dear Pun Ho Lui, Dear All,<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> In BCMS/Serbocroatian one can also use the genitive singular form *?avola<br class="">>> >>> *("devil") in the same function, now hardly considered a swear word per<br class="">>> >>> se, but once it definitely was (along with other religious terms). As a<br class="">>> >>> matter of fact, in numerous such instances, the nominative singular<br class="">>> >>> *kurac* is often replaceable with the genitive singular *?avola *(whereby<br class="">>> >>> the latter sounds considerably milder than the former).<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Best,<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Stefan<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> On Tue, 13 Jun 2023 at 14:35, Pun Ho Lui <<a href="mailto:luiph001@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">luiph001@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Dear linguists,<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Swearwords/taboo words can function as a negator (1) or<br class="">>> >>> minimizer/?squatitive? (2):<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> (1) Cantonese<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> ? ? ?<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> 1sg dick know<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> ?I don?t know.?<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> (2) I learn fuck all/ shit.<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> ?I learn nothing.?<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Other languages with these pattens include:<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> - Russian<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> - German *einen Teufel *?a devil?<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> - Swedish *s? fan Heller*<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> *- *French *mon cul* ?my ass? (?)<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> - Polish *chuj *?dick?; *g?wno *?shit?<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> - Serbian *kurac *?penis'<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> - Croatian *kurac ?penis?*<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> - Colloquail Finnish ?aggressive mood?<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> These examples are provided in:<br class="">>> >>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/</a><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> I am wondering if there are other languages performing similar<br class="">>> >>> constructions. If so, is the any requirement for using them.<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Thank you.<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Warmest,<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> Pun Ho Lui<br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> >>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>> >>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">>> >>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> >>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>> >>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">>> >>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> >>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>> >>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">>> >>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>> >>><br class="">>> >> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> >> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>> >><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">>> >><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a 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class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/attachments/20230613/293cbc3a/attachment-0001.htm</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ------------------------------<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Message: 2<br class="">>> Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2023 14:22:13 +0000<br class="">>> From: Tom Koss <<a href="mailto:Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be</a>><br class="">>> To: Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>>, Ian Joo<br class="">>> <<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a>><br class="">>> Cc: "<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>>"<br class="">>> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a<br class="">>> cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>> Message-ID:<br class="">>> <<a href="mailto:AS8PR05MB10112968FB5D1D775431793A09A55A@AS8PR05MB10112.eurprd05.prod.outlook.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">AS8PR05MB10112968FB5D1D775431793A09A55A@AS8PR05MB10112.eurprd05.prod.outlook.com</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Dear all,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> German einen Schei? ("a shit" in the accusative case) might also qualify.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Ein-en ? ????? Schei? werde ich tun!<br class="">>> INDF-ACC ?? shit FUT I do<br class="">>> lit.: "A shit is what I will do!", intended: "I won't do anything."<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Ein-en ?????Schei? sehe ich.<br class="">>> INDF-ACC shit see I<br class="">>> lit.: "A shit is what I see!", intended: "I don't see anything."<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> I think nowadays this expression is more common than einen Teufel, which sounds quite a bit dated.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> All best,<br class="">>> Tom Koss<br class="">>> PhD student University of Antwerp<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ________________________________<br class="">>> From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>><br class="">>> Sent: Tuesday, June 13, 2023 3:50 PM<br class="">>> To: Ian Joo <<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a>><br class="">>> Cc: <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> This is true.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> But I think my second Russian example, where 'penis' means nothing, can qualify; and also examples are possible like 'penis it knows' for 'I don't / no one knows', where no regular negative particle is used. This is pretty common in collquial communication, so much so that it made it to a rare phenomenon of acronym in spoken language - ?? [??ze] 'I don't know; this is unclear' from lit. penis knows.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Michael<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ??, 13 ???. 2023??. ? 15:44, Ian Joo <<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a>>>:<br class="">>> Dear all,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> technically speaking, I think Pun Ho Lui?s original question was swear words acting as negators, not just intensifiers.<br class="">>> So phrases like ?I don?t know shit? wouldn?t apply, only those like ?I know shit? (intended meaning: I don?t know anything).<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Regards,<br class="">>> Ian<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 13/6/2023 ?? 3:37, Eitan Grossman <<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a>>> ??:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> I don't know if anyone has mentioned this, but Jespersen already discussed this phenomenon to some extent in his 1917 monograph on negation, and it was extended by many including Ross & Postal, Horn, and others (e.g., 'squatitive negation' as in 'You don't know doodly-squat.')<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> For the sake of typology, some of the Hebrew terms for penis (mainly zayin and zibbi, the latter a loanword) also show the behavior mentioned by Pun Ho Lui, Misha, and others.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> On Tue, Jun 13, 2023 at 4:23?PM Lewis C Howe <<a href="mailto:chowe@uga.edu" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">chowe@uga.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:chowe@uga.edu" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">chowe@uga.edu</a>>> wrote:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Hi Pun Ho Lui and all,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> These patterns are relatively common in Romance Languages. For instance, in Spanish you can find the following:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> (No) me importa un(a) co?o|pedo|chingada|polla|etc.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> NEG 1sg.ACC matter.3sg a vagina|fart|fuck|dick|etc.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?I don?t care at all.?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> There are a number of lexical options, which, not surprisingly, are quite dialectally diverse. The preverbal negation is optional, and, for some speakers in some collocations, may in fact be dispreferred.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Following up on the comment about ?avola ("devil") in BCMS/Serbo-Croation, there?s a similar construction in Romance (illustrated below in Spanish) that (typically) involves wh-words. This construction also includes similarly taboo lexical options?e.g., carajo ?shit?, cojones ?testicles?. These types of constructions, at least for English, are described by Pesetsky (1987) as ?Aggressively Non-D-Linked? wh-phrases.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?Qu? demonios quieres?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> What devils want.2sg<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?What the hell do you want??<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Best wishes,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Chad Howe<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Pesetsky, D. 1987. Wh-in-situ: Movement and unselective binding. In The representation of (in)definiteness, ed. by Eric Reuland and Alice G. B. ter Meulen, 98-130. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>> on behalf of Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>>><br class="">>> Date: Tuesday, June 13, 2023 at 9:01 AM<br class="">>> To: Stefan Savi? <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>>><br class="">>> Cc:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>><br class="">>> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> [EXTERNAL SENDER - PROCEED CAUTIOUSLY]<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Dear Pun Ho Lui,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> In Russian strong speech, 'penis' is used as a non-referential NP in different type of emphatic negation; including constructions very similar to what you quote. See for examples, some way below. Note that "??" is a negative particle distinct from regular negative "??" and commonly (though not exclusively) used under the scope of clausal negation; I am not sure how to gloss it.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Sincerely,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Michael Daniel<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> he.nom not penis-Sg.Gen not knows<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 'he does not know anything at all'<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ??? ????, ? ?? ??????<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> penis.Sg.Nom<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://you.sg/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">you.sg</a>-Dat, and not money<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 'You are not getting anything, you are not (instead of) getting any money'<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?? ??? (??????-???)<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> not penis-Sg.Gen (similar-N.Sg.Gen)<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 'Nothing like that at all!'<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ??, 13 ???. 2023??. ? 14:45, Stefan Savi? <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>>>:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Dear Pun Ho Lui, Dear All,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> In BCMS/Serbocroatian one can also use the genitive singular form ?avola ("devil") in the same function, now hardly considered a swear word per se, but once it definitely was (along with other religious terms). As a matter of fact, in numerous such instances, the nominative singular kurac is often replaceable with the genitive singular ?avola (whereby the latter sounds considerably milder than the former).<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Best,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Stefan<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> On Tue, 13 Jun 2023 at 14:35, Pun Ho Lui <<a href="mailto:luiph001@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">luiph001@gmail.com</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:luiph001@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">luiph001@gmail.com</a>>> wrote:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Dear linguists,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Swearwords/taboo words can function as a negator (1) or minimizer/?squatitive? (2):<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> (1) Cantonese<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ? ? ?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 1sg dick know<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?I don?t know.?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> (2) I learn fuck all/ shit.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?I learn nothing.?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Other languages with these pattens include:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Russian<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - German einen Teufel ?a devil?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Swedish s? fan Heller<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - French mon cul ?my ass? (?)<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Polish chuj ?dick?; g?wno ?shit?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Serbian kurac ?penis'<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Croatian kurac ?penis?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Colloquail Finnish ?aggressive mood?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> These examples are provided in:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> I am wondering if there are other languages performing similar constructions. If so, is the any requirement for using them.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Thank you.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Warmest,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Pun Ho Lui<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>> -------------- next part --------------<br class="">>> An HTML attachment was scrubbed...<br class="">>> URL: <<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/attachments/20230613/fc5d375a/attachment-0001.htm" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/attachments/20230613/fc5d375a/attachment-0001.htm</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ------------------------------<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Message: 3<br class="">>> Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2023 14:33:11 +0000<br class="">>> From: Mira Ariel <<a href="mailto:mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il</a>><br class="">>> To: Ian Joo <<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a>>,<br class="">>> "<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>>"<br class="">>> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a<br class="">>> cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>> Message-ID:<br class="">>> <<a href="mailto:AM6PR02MB397587938E4F71B1C992F6E6D055A@AM6PR02MB3975.eurprd02.prod.outlook.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">AM6PR02MB397587938E4F71B1C992F6E6D055A@AM6PR02MB3975.eurprd02.prod.outlook.com</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Hi,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> True, but we know the fate of negative strengtheners. Think of French pas...<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Mira<br class="">>> ________________________________<br class="">>> From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Ian Joo <<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a>><br class="">>> Sent: Tuesday, June 13, 2023 6:43 AM<br class="">>> To: <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Dear all,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> technically speaking, I think Pun Ho Lui?s original question was swear words acting as negators, not just intensifiers.<br class="">>> So phrases like ?I don?t know shit? wouldn?t apply, only those like ?I know shit? (intended meaning: I don?t know anything).<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Regards,<br class="">>> Ian<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 13/6/2023 ?? 3:37, Eitan Grossman <<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a>> ??:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> I don't know if anyone has mentioned this, but Jespersen already discussed this phenomenon to some extent in his 1917 monograph on negation, and it was extended by many including Ross & Postal, Horn, and others (e.g., 'squatitive negation' as in 'You don't know doodly-squat.')<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> For the sake of typology, some of the Hebrew terms for penis (mainly zayin and zibbi, the latter a loanword) also show the behavior mentioned by Pun Ho Lui, Misha, and others.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> On Tue, Jun 13, 2023 at 4:23?PM Lewis C Howe <<a href="mailto:chowe@uga.edu" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">chowe@uga.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:chowe@uga.edu" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">chowe@uga.edu</a>>> wrote:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Hi Pun Ho Lui and all,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> These patterns are relatively common in Romance Languages. For instance, in Spanish you can find the following:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> (No) me importa un(a) co?o|pedo|chingada|polla|etc.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> NEG 1sg.ACC matter.3sg a vagina|fart|fuck|dick|etc.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?I don?t care at all.?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> There are a number of lexical options, which, not surprisingly, are quite dialectally diverse. The preverbal negation is optional, and, for some speakers in some collocations, may in fact be dispreferred.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Following up on the comment about ?avola ("devil") in BCMS/Serbo-Croation, there?s a similar construction in Romance (illustrated below in Spanish) that (typically) involves wh-words. This construction also includes similarly taboo lexical options?e.g., carajo ?shit?, cojones ?testicles?. These types of constructions, at least for English, are described by Pesetsky (1987) as ?Aggressively Non-D-Linked? wh-phrases.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?Qu? demonios quieres?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> What devils want.2sg<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?What the hell do you want??<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Best wishes,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Chad Howe<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Pesetsky, D. 1987. Wh-in-situ: Movement and unselective binding. In The representation of (in)definiteness, ed. by Eric Reuland and Alice G. B. ter Meulen, 98-130. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>> on behalf of Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>>><br class="">>> Date: Tuesday, June 13, 2023 at 9:01 AM<br class="">>> To: Stefan Savi? <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>>><br class="">>> Cc:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>><br class="">>> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> [EXTERNAL SENDER - PROCEED CAUTIOUSLY]<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Dear Pun Ho Lui,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> In Russian strong speech, 'penis' is used as a non-referential NP in different type of emphatic negation; including constructions very similar to what you quote. See for examples, some way below. Note that "??" is a negative particle distinct from regular negative "??" and commonly (though not exclusively) used under the scope of clausal negation; I am not sure how to gloss it.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Sincerely,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Michael Daniel<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> he.nom not penis-Sg.Gen not knows<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 'he does not know anything at all'<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ??? ????, ? ?? ??????<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> penis.Sg.Nom<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://you.sg/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">you.sg</a>-Dat, and not money<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 'You are not getting anything, you are not (instead of) getting any money'<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?? ??? (??????-???)<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> not penis-Sg.Gen (similar-N.Sg.Gen)<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 'Nothing like that at all!'<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ??, 13 ???. 2023??. ? 14:45, Stefan Savi? <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>>>:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Dear Pun Ho Lui, Dear All,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> In BCMS/Serbocroatian one can also use the genitive singular form ?avola ("devil") in the same function, now hardly considered a swear word per se, but once it definitely was (along with other religious terms). As a matter of fact, in numerous such instances, the nominative singular kurac is often replaceable with the genitive singular ?avola (whereby the latter sounds considerably milder than the former).<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Best,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Stefan<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> On Tue, 13 Jun 2023 at 14:35, Pun Ho Lui <<a href="mailto:luiph001@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">luiph001@gmail.com</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:luiph001@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">luiph001@gmail.com</a>>> wrote:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Dear linguists,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Swearwords/taboo words can function as a negator (1) or minimizer/?squatitive? (2):<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> (1) Cantonese<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ? ? ?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> 1sg dick know<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?I don?t know.?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> (2) I learn fuck all/ shit.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ?I learn nothing.?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Other languages with these pattens include:<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Russian<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - German einen Teufel ?a devil?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Swedish s? fan Heller<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - French mon cul ?my ass? (?)<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Polish chuj ?dick?; g?wno ?shit?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Serbian kurac ?penis'<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Croatian kurac ?penis?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> - Colloquail Finnish ?aggressive mood?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> These examples are provided in:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> I am wondering if there are other languages performing similar constructions. If so, is the any requirement for using them.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Thank you.<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Warmest,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Pun Ho Lui<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> -------------- next part --------------<br class="">>> An HTML attachment was scrubbed...<br class="">>> URL: <<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/attachments/20230613/b93c89ca/attachment-0001.htm" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/attachments/20230613/b93c89ca/attachment-0001.htm</a>><br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> ------------------------------<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Message: 4<br class="">>> Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2023 22:42:30 +0800<br class="">>> From: Pun Ho Lui <<a href="mailto:luiph001@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">luiph001@gmail.com</a>><br class="">>> To: Tom Koss <<a href="mailto:Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be</a>><br class="">>> Cc: Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>>, Ian Joo<br class="">>> <<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a>>, "<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>>"<br class="">>> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a<br class="">>> cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>> Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:9D27560B-27EA-4E7C-875F-D84E12AFE6A9@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">9D27560B-27EA-4E7C-875F-D84E12AFE6A9@gmail.com</a>><br class="">>> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Dear Tom Koss,<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Thank you for you example.<br class="">>> Is it possible for ?shit? be accompanied by any negator/ ?nothing? and the like?<br class="">>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">>> Warmest,<br class="">>> Pun Ho Lui (?Joe?)<br class="">>> > Tom Koss <<a href="mailto:Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Tom.Koss@uantwerpen.be</a>> ? 2023?6?13? ??10:22 ???<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > Dear all,<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > German einen Schei? ("a shit" in the accusative case) might also qualify.<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > Ein-en ? ????? Schei? werde ich tun!<br class="">>> > INDF-ACC ?? shit FUT I do<br class="">>> > lit.: "A shit is what I will do!", intended: "I won't do anything."<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > Ein-en ?????Schei? sehe ich.<br class="">>> > INDF-ACC shit see I<br class="">>> > lit.: "A shit is what I see!", intended: "I don't see anything."<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > I think nowadays this expression is more common than einen Teufel, which sounds quite a bit dated.<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > All best,<br class="">>> > Tom Koss<br class="">>> > PhD student University of Antwerp<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> ><br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>> on behalf of Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>>><br class="">>> > Sent: Tuesday, June 13, 2023 3:50 PM<br class="">>> > To: Ian Joo <<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a>>><br class="">>> > Cc: <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>>> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>><br class="">>> > Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > This is true.<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > But I think my second Russian example, where 'penis' means nothing, can qualify; and also examples are possible like 'penis it knows' for 'I don't / no one knows', where no regular negative particle is used. This is pretty common in collquial communication, so much so that it made it to a rare phenomenon of acronym in spoken language - ?? [??ze] 'I don't know; this is unclear' from lit. penis knows.<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > Michael<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > ??, 13 ???. 2023??. ? 15:44, Ian Joo <<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp</a>>>:<br class="">>> > Dear all,<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > technically speaking, I think Pun Ho Lui?s original question was swear words acting as negators, not just intensifiers.<br class="">>> > So phrases like ?I don?t know shit? wouldn?t apply, only those like ?I know shit? (intended meaning: I don?t know anything).<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> > Regards,<br class="">>> > Ian<br class="">>> ><br class="">>> >> 13/6/2023 ?? 3:37, Eitan Grossman <<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a>>> ??:<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> I don't know if anyone has mentioned this, but Jespersen already discussed this phenomenon to some extent in his 1917 monograph on negation, and it was extended by many including Ross & Postal, Horn, and others (e.g., 'squatitive negation' as in 'You don't know doodly-squat.')<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> For the sake of typology, some of the Hebrew terms for penis (mainly zayin and zibbi, the latter a loanword) also show the behavior mentioned by Pun Ho Lui, Misha, and others.<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> On Tue, Jun 13, 2023 at 4:23?PM Lewis C Howe <<a href="mailto:chowe@uga.edu" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">chowe@uga.edu</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:chowe@uga.edu" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">chowe@uga.edu</a>>> wrote:<br class="">>> >> Hi Pun Ho Lui and all,<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> These patterns are relatively common in Romance Languages. For instance, in Spanish you can find the following:<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> (No) me importa un(a) co?o|pedo|chingada|polla|etc.<br class="">>> >> NEG 1sg.ACC matter.3sg a vagina|fart|fuck|dick|etc.<br class="">>> >> ?I don?t care at all.?<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> There are a number of lexical options, which, not surprisingly, are quite dialectally diverse. The preverbal negation is optional, and, for some speakers in some collocations, may in fact be dispreferred.<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Following up on the comment about ?avola ("devil") in BCMS/Serbo-Croation, there?s a similar construction in Romance (illustrated below in Spanish) that (typically) involves wh-words. This construction also includes similarly taboo lexical options?e.g., carajo ?shit?, cojones ?testicles?. These types of constructions, at least for English, are described by Pesetsky (1987) as ?Aggressively Non-D-Linked? wh-phrases.<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> ?Qu? demonios quieres?<br class="">>> >> What devils want.2sg<br class="">>> >> ?What the hell do you want??<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Best wishes,<br class="">>> >> Chad Howe<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Pesetsky, D. 1987. Wh-in-situ: Movement and unselective binding. In The representation of (in)definiteness, ed. by Eric Reuland and Alice G. B. ter Meulen, 98-130. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>> on behalf of Michael Daniel <<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:misha.daniel@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">misha.daniel@gmail.com</a>>><br class="">>> >> Date: Tuesday, June 13, 2023 at 9:01 AM<br class="">>> >> To: Stefan Savi? <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>>><br class="">>> >> Cc:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>><br class="">>> >> Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Swearwords as a negator and/or minimizer: a cross-linguistic perspective<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> [EXTERNAL SENDER - PROCEED CAUTIOUSLY]<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Dear Pun Ho Lui,<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> In Russian strong speech, 'penis' is used as a non-referential NP in different type of emphatic negation; including constructions very similar to what you quote. See for examples, some way below. Note that "??" is a negative particle distinct from regular negative "??" and commonly (though not exclusively) used under the scope of clausal negation; I am not sure how to gloss it.<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Sincerely,<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Michael Daniel<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????<br class="">>> >> he.nom not penis-Sg.Gen not knows<br class="">>> >> 'he does not know anything at all'<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> ??? ????, ? ?? ??????<br class="">>> >> penis.Sg.Nom<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://you.sg/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">you.sg</a>-Dat, and not money<br class="">>> >> 'You are not getting anything, you are not (instead of) getting any money'<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> ?? ??? (??????-???)<br class="">>> >> not penis-Sg.Gen (similar-N.Sg.Gen)<br class="">>> >> 'Nothing like that at all!'<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> ??, 13 ???. 2023??. ? 14:45, Stefan Savi? <<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:stefansavicz@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">stefansavicz@gmail.com</a>>>:<br class="">>> >> Dear Pun Ho Lui, Dear All,<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> In BCMS/Serbocroatian one can also use the genitive singular form ?avola ("devil") in the same function, now hardly considered a swear word per se, but once it definitely was (along with other religious terms). As a matter of fact, in numerous such instances, the nominative singular kurac is often replaceable with the genitive singular ?avola (whereby the latter sounds considerably milder than the former).<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Best,<br class="">>> >> Stefan<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> On Tue, 13 Jun 2023 at 14:35, Pun Ho Lui <<a href="mailto:luiph001@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">luiph001@gmail.com</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:luiph001@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">luiph001@gmail.com</a>>> wrote:<br class="">>> >> Dear linguists,<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Swearwords/taboo words can function as a negator (1) or minimizer/?squatitive? (2):<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> (1) Cantonese<br class="">>> >> ? ? ?<br class="">>> >> 1sg dick know<br class="">>> >> ?I don?t know.?<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> (2) I learn fuck all/ shit.<br class="">>> >> ?I learn nothing.?<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Other languages with these pattens include:<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> - Russian<br class="">>> >> - German einen Teufel ?a devil?<br class="">>> >> - Swedish s? fan Heller<br class="">>> >> - French mon cul ?my ass? (?)<br class="">>> >> - Polish chuj ?dick?; g?wno ?shit?<br class="">>> >> - Serbian kurac ?penis'<br class="">>> >> - Croatian kurac ?penis?<br class="">>> >> - Colloquail Finnish ?aggressive mood?<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> These examples are provided in:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://www.facebook.com/groups/lingtyp/permalink/6751622964867235/</a>><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> I am wondering if there are other languages performing similar constructions. If so, is the any requirement for using them.<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Thank you.<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> Warmest,<br class="">>> >> Pun Ho Lui<br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >><br class="">>> >> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> >> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>> >><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> >><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer 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class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> >><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>>_______________________________________________<br class="">>> >> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>> >><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> >><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>><br class="">>> >> _______________________________________________<br class="">>> >> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">>> >><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">>> >><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer 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class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class=""></blockquote></div><br clear="all" class=""><br class=""><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">--<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br class=""><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><pre cols="72" class=""><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class=""><span class=""></span></span>=========================================================
<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class=""><span class=""></span></span> |||| Pier Marco Bertinetto
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===============================================================</pre></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class=""></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></div></div>**Disclaimer** The sender of this email does not represent Nanyang Technological University and this email does not express the views or opinions of the University.</div>_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br class=""></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">**Disclaimer** The sender of this email does not represent Nanyang Technological University and this email does not express the views or opinions of the University.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">_______________________________________________</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Lingtyp mailing list</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></body></html>