<div dir="ltr">Dunno if thie helps, but n Yahgan (a recently extinct Native American language from Tierra del Fuego, which I've studied for the past quarter century), the simple future suffix is -u:a/-oa (depending on the vowel(s) preceding it. Colon here represents the tenseness of the vowel preceding it. A 'further future' could be formed by adding the increment -ana after the simple future. (As an aside- the simple past tense suffix, -ude:/-ide: (again depending on the vowel(s) preceding it, and also has its own increment -aka for 'further past'. -u:a is identical to one of the imperative suffixes, and although it is now impossible to discern the order of grammaticalization, it seems clear (at least to me) that they both share a 'will' specification, as in English 'You will marry a tall, handsome doctor' as future, and 'You WILL marry a tall, handsome doctor' as imperative. It may be that modal verb we: (preposed to the verb) 'greater probability' so denoting 'will, may, can, etc.' is another grammaticalization from the future, while le:, 'lesser probability' (which is postposed after the verb) may be related to the simple past -ude:/-ide:. The verbal prefix la- 'back' (essentially equivalent to Latinate re-) could be another. A parallel development for the future might be the verbal voice prefix u:- (permissive causative) (as opposed to the default causative tu:-). <div><br></div><div>Jess Tauber</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Jun 21, 2023 at 12:29 PM Wiemer, Bjoern <<a href="mailto:wiemerb@uni-mainz.de">wiemerb@uni-mainz.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div class="msg-958050970604189303">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear linguists‘ community,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I’d like to bother you with a couple of questions concerning constructions (grams etc.) considered as ‘futures’. To delimit the notion of ‘future’, I propose to abide by this working definition:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">FUTURE</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:windowtext"><u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">[1]
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">For comparative purposes, a construction (marker, gram) can be considered a sufficiently conventionalized future if among its core, or default, functions we find reference to a single
(episodic) situation that is posterior to a reference interval. In the prototypical case, this reference interval is the current moment of speech (deictic time reference), but posteriority may also hold with respect to another time interval (shifted, or anaphoric,
time reference).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Now, my questions are as follows:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1. Do you know of futures that did not simply disappear, but which turned into something else (entering, as it were, a “post-future
stage”)?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">2. If this happened, did these constructions keep their previous use as futures (probably as a minor pattern), or was this use lost (in favor
of the post-future function(s))?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">3. It is generally hard, or just impossible, to distinguish between prediction (i.e. an epistemic judgment concerning a situation after the
moment of speech) and “future pure and simple”, i.e. just a statement, or question, about a single posterior situation (in accordance with [1] above). However, both functions (prediction vs “future proper”) may be distinguished formally, e.g. if a future construction
shows some variation in its morphosyntactic “design”. For instance, a morpheme recognized as future marker may occur with the lexical verb either together with an irrealis marker or without it, and the absence/presence of that irrealis marker can be employed
to distinguish the two aforementioned functions that are otherwise difficult to keep apart.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Do you know of any such cases (and their diachronic background)?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">4. In some languages, futures can be used for epistemic judgments relating to the current moment of speech (e.g.,
<i>He will be in London now</i>). For languages in which this has been observed, does this use apply only to a handful of verbs (in particular, only to ‘be’ and ‘have’)? Or is it productive, i.e. without restrictions as for the lexical basis?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Please note that languages may show this function only (or primarily) with accompanying lexical markers of epistemic judgment
(e.g., sentence adverbs like <i>certainly</i>).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">5. By analogy, in many languages, futures have been observed to be employed as directives (e.g.,
<i>You’ll go and sleep now, will you!</i>). Bybee et al. (1994: 273) even found that “imperative use is the most commonly occurring other use of futures”, and they assumed that “the imperative use develops out of the future use”.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Given this background, do you know of language(s) in which futures were/are not used for uttering directive speech acts? Conversely, do
you know of languages in which future use can be claimed to have evolved from imperatives (or similar forms/constructions used in directive speech acts)?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I’d appreciate any hints and discussions concerning these issues, and would be very grateful for references concerning particular languages. If enough responses come up, I’m ready to produce a digest for this list.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Björn (Wiemer).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">-------------------------------------------------------------------<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img width="32" height="21" id="m_-3161319401925257293Bild_x0020_1" src="cid:188ded19c9e7745b42" alt="obraz.png"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Björn Wiemer<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Professor für slavistische Sprachwissenschaft<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Institut für Slavistik, Turkologie und zirkumbaltische Studien (ISTziB), Abt. Slavistik<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jakob-Welder-Weg 18<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">D- 55099 Mainz<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tel. +49/ 6131/ 39 -22186<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fax +49/ 6131/ 39 -24709<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sekr. +49/ 6131/ 39 -22807 (Fr. Fotteler)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="mailto:wiemerb@uni-mainz.de" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">wiemerb@uni-mainz.de</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.slavistik.uni-mainz.de/univ-prof-bjoern-wiemer/" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">https://www.slavistik.uni-mainz.de/univ-prof-bjoern-wiemer/</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://uni-mainz.academia.edu/Bj%C3%B6rnWiemer" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">https://uni-mainz.academia.edu/Bj%C3%B6rnWiemer</span></a>
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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