<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body dir="auto">Dear Sergey,<div><br></div><div>Doesn't Russian count?</div><div><br></div><div>Вибели. 'They have/were seen.'<br><br><div dir="ltr">Regards,<div>Ian</div></div><div dir="ltr"><br><blockquote type="cite">2023. 7. 27. 오전 11:29, Sergey Loesov <sergeloesov@gmail.com> 작성:<br><br></blockquote></div><blockquote type="cite"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear colleagues,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Do you know of languages that
have past-tense forms of transitive verbs with both active and passive readings?
In particular, languages in which the same token can appear as both active and
passive, depending on the context? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">This seems to be the case in the
unwritten language Modern Western Aramaic, spoken in the Syrian Anti-Lebanon/Kalamoun.
Thus, <i>ifṯeḥ</i> (a Perfect-Resultative verb form) may mean ‘he (has) opened’
and ‘he has been opened/he is opened.’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Thank you very much,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sergey</span></p></div>
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