<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Hi Jianming,<div>Constructions conventionalise (grammaticalise) in order to express a particular information packaging. In the case of passives, the goal is to have a marked topic appear as an unmarked topic, or to place the unmarked topic in focus position or remove it altogether. This is to allow for continuity of topic in switch reference referent tracking systems, which is generally a feature of language with an A/S pivot in at least some constructions. Morphosyntactically it usually is an intransitive clause with no agent, or an agent appearing as a non-direct argument, and there is marking on the verb to show the marked nature of the construction.</div><div><br></div><div>Mandarin does not have this sort of passive, and doesn’t need it, as it doesn’t have an A/S pivot in any constructions. It has differences of word order to put different arguments in topic or focus position, and all word order patterns can be explained using Lambrecht’s typology of information structure patterns (focus structures). In the examples you gave, bei is not necessary for what you are calling a passive reading, as the word order alone would have the same effect.</div><div><br></div><div>Btw, there was a big debate back in the 1990’s about the idea of “basic word order”. Nowadays many of us see each word order as motivated by a particular context (to express a particular information packaging in that context), and and don’t believe in such thing as a “neutral, objective” context, only more or less frequent clause patterns (frequent not because of being basic, but because they fit more contexts). What you are calling the basic pattern is still a topic-comment structure, a predicate focus structure in Lambrecht’s terms (based on your idealisation—in natural language data intonation must be taken into account), which in this case has the agent as topic and the patient within the focus. This is the most frequent pattern because of the topicality of agents, and the high frequency at which patients are introduced within the focus, but that is not the same as calling it the basic form, as it, like all clause types, is motivated by a particular information structure.</div><div><br></div><div>All the best,</div><div>Randy</div><div><br></div><div><div>
<meta charset="UTF-8"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">——</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Professor Randy J. LaPolla</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">(罗仁地)</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">, PhD FAHA </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Center for Language Sciences</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">, Guangdong</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">, China</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://randylapolla.info">https://randylapolla.info</a></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">ORCID ID:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: rgb(73, 74, 76); background-color: white;"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196</a> </span></span> </div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 15px;">邮编:519087</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路18号木铎楼A302</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">北京师范大学珠海校区</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">人文和社会科学高等研究院</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">语言科学研究中心 </span></div></div><div><br></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On 28 Jul 2023, at 11:36 AM, Wu Jianming <wu.jianming2011@hotmail.com> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><meta charset="UTF-8"><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">Dear Randy,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">As we know, the function of “voice” in language is to indicate the relationship between the subject (the doer or the entity performing the action) and the verb (the action or state being performed). However, it's important to note that the surface forms used to indicate voice can vary across languages. In Chinese, for instance, voice is not typically marked through grammatical inflections or word order changes (e.g. e.g.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>老师发了成绩单<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[teacher distribute grade sheets] and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>学生发了成绩单<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[student distribute grade sheets]) . Instead, voice is usually inferred from the context or the use of specific words or constructions.</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">In fact, in Chinese, functional words like "bei" (</span>被<span lang="EN-US">) and "ba" (</span>把<span lang="EN-US">) are used to indicate an asymmetry between participants or a change in the syntactic structure of a sentence, similar to how voice markers in other languages(e.g. relational or indexing morphemes). While these functional words in Chinese may not be referred to as "voice markers" per se, they do serve a similar function in changing the syntactic structure of a sentence to indicate indicate an asymmetry between participants</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"> Active:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>我写了这篇文章。<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Wǒ xiě le zhè piān wénzhāng.) -Lit. I write<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>ASP</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>this article. A > V > P (asymmetry)</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"> Passive:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>这篇文章被我写了。<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Zhè piān wénzhāng bèi wǒ xiě le.) – Lit.<b><u><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This article BEI(</u></b></span><b><u>被<span lang="EN-US">) me</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">write ASP. (this article was written by me) (P > A asymmetry through<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>BEI</b>)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; text-indent: 11.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Active:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>我把房间打扫干净了。<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Wǒ bǎ fángjiān dǎsǎo gānjìng le.) – Lit. <u>I <b>BA</b></u></span><b><u>(把)<span lang="EN-US">the room</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US">.clean ASP ( A > P asymmetry through<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>BA</b>)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">In a neutral, objective context,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>a prototypical transitive event</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>in Chinese can indeed be represented using the basic AVP (Active-Verb-Object) or SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) order ( This is how Siewierksa 1988: 8</span>)<span lang="EN-US">define basic word order, but this insight seems to be abandoned by many in favor of more attested surface forms in spoken or written corpus). Here are some examples, where asymmetric word order correspondes to case or agreement markers in other langages.</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">AVP (Active-Verb-Object):</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;">我看电影。<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Wǒ kàn diànyǐng.) - I watch movies.</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;">她吃苹果。<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Tā chī píngguǒ.) - She eats apples.</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;">他写书。<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Tā xiě shū.) - He writes books.</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"> Indeed, Mandarin Chinese often uses a topic-comment structure in sentence construction. This means that the sentence begins with a topic or a known piece of information, followed by the comment or new information about the topic. This structure allows speakers to emphasize certain aspects of the information being conveyed.</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"> However, it is also true that the basic word order (strictlly following Anna’s definition) in Mandarin Chinese is typically Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) or Actor-Verb-Phrase (AVP) for encoding prototypical transitive events. This word order is commonly used in declarative sentences and is considered the most standard and authentic way of expressing such events. This word order aligns with the way events are conceptually organized in the world, particularly in terms of the temporal axis.</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">Regards,</span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">Jianming Wu </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">Shanghai International Studies University</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;">从<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Windows<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>版<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=550986" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">邮件</span></span></a></span>发送</div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: SimSun;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid none none; border-color: rgb(225, 225, 225) currentcolor currentcolor; border-image: none; padding: 3pt 0cm 0cm;"><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; border: medium; padding: 0cm;"><b>发件人<span lang="EN-US">:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">Randy J. LaPolla</a><br></span><b>发送时间<span lang="EN-US">:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">2023</span>年<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">28</span>日<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>10:18<br></span><b>收件人<span lang="EN-US">:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:wu.jianming2011@hotmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">Wu Jianming</a><br></span><b>抄送<span lang="EN-US">:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:sergeloesov@gmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">Sergey Loesov</a>;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a><br></span><b>主题<span lang="EN-US">:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">Re: [Lingtyp] Transitive verbs with both active and passive readings</span></div></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: SimSun;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: left; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">Hi Jianming,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">Thanks for your reply.</span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">When you say “without a specific context”, you are actually creating two interpretive contexts in your mind to create the two different meanings; there is no such thing as understanding language (or any phenomenon) without creating a context of interpretation. The fact that you can create these two meanings from the same form means there is no voice opposition in the language. The semantics of the referents referred to can influence the interpretation, but that is also not voice, e.g.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>老师发了成绩单<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[teacher distribute grade sheets] and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>学生发了成绩单<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[student distribute grade sheets] are normally understood out of specific context as having different transitivity structures, with ’teacher’ as agent, but ‘students' as patient, but this is not voice.</span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">Y. R. Chao argued that bei and ba are "pre-transitive" markers that help to disambiguate the direction of action, not passive and active markers.He also argued that even in the structure N V N’, the direction of action is not necessarily from the initial N to the N’, and he used the example of ‘dog bite man’. </span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">If you agree with Chao (and Lü Shuxiang, and me) that Mandarin is topic-comment, not subject-predicate, there is no “basic AVP” order. As Chao said, all clauses are topic comment, though in some cases there is no topic.</span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">All the best,</span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">Randy</span></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="">Professor Randy J. LaPolla</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(罗仁地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="">, PhD FAHA </span><span lang="EN-US" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="">Center for Language Sciences</span><span lang="EN-US" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span><span lang="EN-US" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="">Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai</span><span lang="EN-US" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City, Guangdong, China</span><span lang="EN-US" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style=""><a href="https://randylapolla.info/" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">https://randylapolla.info</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">ORCID ID:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(73, 74, 76); background: white;"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196</a> </span><span lang="EN-US" style=""> <o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">邮编:<span lang="EN-US">519087<br></span>广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路<span lang="EN-US">18</span>号木铎楼<span lang="EN-US">A302<br></span>北京师范大学珠海校区<span lang="EN-US"><br></span>人文和社会科学高等研究院<span lang="EN-US"><br></span>语言科学研究中心<span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style=""><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><br><br></span></div><blockquote style="margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;"><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US">On 28 Jul 2023, at 7:22 AM, Wu Jianming <<a href="mailto:wu.jianming2011@hotmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">wu.jianming2011@hotmail.com</a>> wrote:</span></div></div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Dear Randy<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> The concept of nouns, verbs, voice, and transitivity indeed involves matching content and forms in language. In Chinese, the expression "chicken not eat" can carry the same meaning as "chicken not eaten" or "chicken not eating" without a specific context. This implies that the active and passive content of voice, which determines how the verb relates to the subject, does exist in Chinese. However, within a known context, the expression forms can be omitted or become redundant.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> On the other hand, using constructions like "bei + Agent" or "ba + Patient" provides a better way to encode both the content and forms of voice in Chinese, particularly when necessary. This showcases the flexibility and uniqueness of the language in conveying meaning.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">So, in Chinese, when it comes to voice, we indeed have both the content side and the expression side of voice, with constructions like "bei +A" ,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">“<span lang="EN-GB">ba +P</span>”<span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>or the basic AVP order being utilized as needed. But for an isolated NP+VP construction without a context, the active or passive status of the verb is sometimes ambiguous.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Regards,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Jianming Wu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; text-indent: 12pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Shanghai International Studies University</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Sent from<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=550986" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">Mail</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>for Windows</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div style="border-width: 1pt medium medium; border-style: solid none none; padding: 3pt 0cm 0cm; border-color: currentcolor; border-image: none;"><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">From:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">Randy J. LaPolla</a><br><b>Sent:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>2023</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">7</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">27</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">日</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">22:04<br><b>To:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b><a href="mailto:sergeloesov@gmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">Sergey Loesov</a><br><b>Cc:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a><br><b>Subject:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Re: [Lingtyp] Transitive verbs with both active and passive readings</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Hi Sergey,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">Y. R. Chao argued that as Mandarin Chinese verbs have no inherent direction of action, a corollary of the topic-comment (not subject predicate) structure of clauses, Mandarin Chinese has no voice distinction (Mandarin Primer, 1948: 35, with his Romanisation replaced by Pinyin and glosses added):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">“<span lang="EN-GB">An important corollary to this [topic-comment structure-RJL] is that the direction of action in verbs is to be inferred from the context. Thus, in talking about feeding poultry, <i>J</i></span></span><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">̄</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> bù ch</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">̄</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">le</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> [chicken NEG eat PFV] means 'The chickens are not eating any more,' but as a reply to a host offering more chicken, the same sentence would mean '(As for) chicken, (I) am not going to eat any more.' Again, <i>Lia</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">̌</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">ng-ge rén zuò y</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">̄</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">-ba</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">̌</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> y</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">̌</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11pt;">zi</span></i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11pt;"> [two CL people sit one-CL chair]</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">' Two people sit on one chair' : <i>Y</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">̄</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">-ba</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">̌</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> y</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">̌</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 11pt;">zi </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">zuò lia</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">̌</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">ng-ge rén</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> [one-CL chair sit two-CL people] 'One chair seats two people.' In short, there is no distinction of voice in Chinese verbs." </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hope this helps.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All the best,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Randy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;">——<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB">Professor Randy J. LaPolla</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(罗仁地</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">)</span><span lang="EN-GB">, PhD FAHA </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB">Center for Language Sciences</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB">Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City, Guangdong, China</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://randylapolla.info/" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">https://randylapolla.info</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">ORCID ID:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: rgb(73, 74, 76); background: white;"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196</a> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">邮编:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">519087<br></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">18</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">号木铎楼</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">A302<br></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">北京师范大学珠海校区</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><br></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">人文和社会科学高等研究院</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><br></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">语言科学研究中心</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div></div><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><blockquote style="margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;"><div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">On 27 Jul 2023, at 5:28 PM, Sergey Loesov <<a href="mailto:sergeloesov@gmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">sergeloesov@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dear colleagues,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Do you know of languages that have past-tense forms of transitive verbs with both active and passive readings? In particular, languages in which the same token can appear as both active and passive, depending on the context?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">This seems to be the case in the unwritten language Modern Western Aramaic, spoken in the Syrian Anti-Lebanon/Kalamoun. Thus,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>ifṯeḥ</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(a Perfect-Resultative verb form) may mean ‘he (has) opened’ and ‘he has been opened/he is opened.’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="margin-bottom: 8pt;"><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Thank you very much,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="margin-bottom: 8pt;"><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian; line-height: 11.65pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Sergey</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: DengXian;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt;">_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></span></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div><br></div></body></html>