<html xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)">
<style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:SimSun;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:DengXian;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:DengXian;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:SimSun;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
text-align:justify;
text-justify:inter-ideograph;
font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:DengXian;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
span.apple-converted-space
{mso-style-name:apple-converted-space;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-family:DengXian;}
/* Page Definitions */
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:1634748137;
mso-list-template-ids:-1;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
ol
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
--></style>
</head>
<body lang="ZH-CN" link="blue" vlink="#954F72" style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear Randy, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">As we know, the function of “voice” in language is to indicate the relationship between the subject (the doer or the entity performing the action) and the verb (the action or state being performed). However, it's important
to note that the surface forms used to indicate voice can vary across languages. In Chinese, for instance, voice is not typically marked through grammatical inflections or word order changes (e.g. e.g.
</span>老师发了成绩单<span lang="EN-US"> [teacher distribute grade sheets] and </span>学生发了成绩单<span lang="EN-US"> [student distribute grade sheets]) . Instead, voice is usually inferred from the context or the use of specific words or constructions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In fact, in Chinese, functional words like "bei" (</span>被<span lang="EN-US">) and "ba" (</span>把<span lang="EN-US">) are used to indicate an asymmetry between participants or a change in the syntactic structure of a
sentence, similar to how voice markers in other languages(e.g. relational or indexing morphemes). While these functional words in Chinese may not be referred to as "voice markers" per se, they do serve a similar function in changing the syntactic structure
of a sentence to indicate indicate an asymmetry between participants</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Active: </span>我写了这篇文章。<span lang="EN-US"> (Wǒ xiě le zhè piān wénzhāng.) -Lit. I write
<b>ASP</b> this article. A > V > P (asymmetry)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Passive: </span>这篇文章被我写了。<span lang="EN-US"> (Zhè piān wénzhāng bèi wǒ xiě le.) – Lit.<b><u> This article BEI(</u></b></span><b><u>被<span lang="EN-US">) me</span></u><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">write
ASP. (this article was written by me) (P > A asymmetry through <b>BEI</b>) </span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:11.25pt"><span lang="EN-US">Active: </span>
我把房间打扫干净了。<span lang="EN-US"> (Wǒ bǎ fángjiān dǎsǎo gānjìng le.) – Lit. <u>I <b>BA</b></u></span><b><u>（把）<span lang="EN-US">the room</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US">.clean ASP ( A > P asymmetry through
<b>BA</b>) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In a neutral, objective context, <b>a prototypical transitive event</b> in Chinese can indeed be represented using the basic AVP (Active-Verb-Object) or SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) order ( This is how Siewierksa 1988: 8</span>）<span lang="EN-US">define
basic word order, but this insight seems to be abandoned by many in favor of more attested surface forms in spoken or written corpus). Here are some examples, where asymmetric word order correspondes to case or agreement markers in other langages.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">AVP (Active-Verb-Object):</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">我看电影。<span lang="EN-US"> (Wǒ kàn diànyǐng.) - I watch movies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">她吃苹果。<span lang="EN-US"> (Tā chī píngguǒ.) - She eats apples.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">他写书。<span lang="EN-US"> (Tā xiě shū.) - He writes books.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Indeed, Mandarin Chinese often uses a topic-comment structure in sentence construction. This means that the sentence begins with a topic or a known piece of information, followed by the comment or new information
about the topic. This structure allows speakers to emphasize certain aspects of the information being conveyed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> However, it is also true that the basic word order (strictlly following Anna’s definition) in Mandarin Chinese is typically Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) or Actor-Verb-Phrase (AVP) for encoding prototypical transitive
events. This word order is commonly used in declarative sentences and is considered the most standard and authentic way of expressing such events. This word order aligns with the way events are conceptually organized in the world, particularly in terms of
the temporal axis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Regards,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Jianming Wu </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Shanghai International Studies University</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">从<span lang="EN-US"> Windows </span>版<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=550986"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">邮件</span></span></a></span>发送</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:none;padding:0cm"><b>发件人<span lang="EN-US">: </span>
</b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com">Randy J. LaPolla</a><br>
</span><b>发送时间<span lang="EN-US">: </span></b><span lang="EN-US">2023</span>年<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">28</span>日<span lang="EN-US"> 10:18<br>
</span><b>收件人<span lang="EN-US">: </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:wu.jianming2011@hotmail.com">Wu Jianming</a><br>
</span><b>抄送<span lang="EN-US">: </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:sergeloesov@gmail.com">Sergey Loesov</a>;
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a><br>
</span><b>主题<span lang="EN-US">: </span></b><span lang="EN-US">Re: [Lingtyp] Transitive verbs with both active and passive readings</span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left"><span lang="EN-US">Hi Jianming,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Thanks for your reply.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">When you say “without a specific context”, you are actually creating two interpretive contexts in your mind to create the two different meanings; there is no such thing as understanding language (or any phenomenon) without
creating a context of interpretation. The fact that you can create these two meanings from the same form means there is no voice opposition in the language. The semantics of the referents referred to can influence the interpretation, but that is also not voice,
e.g. </span>老师发了成绩单<span lang="EN-US"> [teacher distribute grade sheets] and </span>
学生发了成绩单<span lang="EN-US"> [student distribute grade sheets] are normally understood out of specific context as having different transitivity structures, with ’teacher’ as agent, but ‘students' as patient, but this is not voice.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Y. R. Chao argued that bei and ba are "pre-transitive" markers that help to disambiguate the direction of action, not passive and active markers.He also argued that even in the structure N V N’, the direction of action
is not necessarily from the initial N to the N’, and he used the example of ‘dog bite man’. </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">If you agree with Chao (and Lü Shuxiang, and me) that Mandarin is topic-comment, not subject-predicate, there is no “basic AVP” order. As Chao said, all clauses are topic comment, though in some cases there is no topic.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">All the best,</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Randy</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">Professor Randy J. LaPolla</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">（罗仁地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:black">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">,
PhD FAHA </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">Center for Language Sciences</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City, Guangdong, China</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><a href="https://randylapolla.info">https://randylapolla.info</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">ORCID ID:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#494A4C;background:white"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196</a> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;color:black">邮编：<span lang="EN-US">519087<br>
</span>广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路<span lang="EN-US">18</span>号木铎楼<span lang="EN-US">A302<br>
</span>北京师范大学珠海校区<span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span>人文和社会科学高等研究院<span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span>语言科学研究中心<span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
<br>
</span></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">On 28 Jul 2023, at 7:22 AM, Wu Jianming <wu.jianming2011@hotmail.com> wrote:</span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear Randy<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> The concept of nouns, verbs, voice, and transitivity indeed involves matching content and forms in language. In Chinese, the expression "chicken not eat" can carry the same meaning as "chicken
not eaten" or "chicken not eating" without a specific context. This implies that the active and passive content of voice, which determines how the verb relates to the subject, does exist in Chinese. However, within a known context, the expression forms can
be omitted or become redundant.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> On the other hand, using constructions like "bei + Agent" or "ba + Patient" provides a better way to encode both the content and forms of voice in Chinese, particularly when necessary. This
showcases the flexibility and uniqueness of the language in conveying meaning.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">So, in Chinese, when it comes to voice, we indeed have both the content side and the expression side of voice, with constructions like "bei +A" ,
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">“<span lang="EN-GB">ba +P</span>”<span lang="EN-GB"> or the basic AVP order being utilized as needed. But for an isolated NP+VP construction without a context, the active or passive status of the verb is sometimes ambiguous.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">Regards,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">Jianming Wu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">Shanghai International Studies University</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">Sent from<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=550986">Mail</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>for Windows</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;border-color:currentcolor currentcolor;border-image: none">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">From:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com">Randy J. LaPolla</a><br>
<b>Sent:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>2023</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">年</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">月</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">27</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">日</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">22:04<br>
<b>To:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b><a href="mailto:sergeloesov@gmail.com">Sergey Loesov</a><br>
<b>Cc:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a><br>
<b>Subject:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Re: [Lingtyp] Transitive verbs with both active and passive readings</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">Hi Sergey,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">Y. R. Chao argued that as Mandarin Chinese verbs have no inherent direction of action, a corollary of the topic-comment (not subject predicate) structure of clauses, Mandarin Chinese has no voice
distinction (Mandarin Primer, 1948: 35, with his Romanisation replaced by Pinyin and glosses added):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">“<span lang="EN-GB">An important corollary to this [topic-comment structure-RJL] is that the direction of action in verbs is to be inferred from the context. Thus, in talking about feeding poultry, <i>J</i></span></span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">̄</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> bù
ch</span></i><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">̄</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">le</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> [chicken
NEG eat PFV] means 'The chickens are not eating any more,' but as a reply to a host offering more chicken, the same sentence would mean '(As for) chicken, (I) am not going to eat any more.' Again, <i>Lia</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">̌</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">ng-ge
rén zuò y</span></i><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">̄</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">-ba</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">̌</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> y</span></i><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">̌</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:11.0pt">zi</span></i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:11.0pt"> [two
CL people sit one-CL chair]</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">' Two people sit on one chair' : <i>Y</i></span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">̄</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">-ba</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">̌</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> y</span></i><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">ı</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">̌</span></i><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size:11.0pt">zi </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">zuò
lia</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">̌</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">ng-ge rén</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> [one-CL chair sit two-CL people] 'One
chair seats two people.' In short, there is no distinction of voice in Chinese verbs." </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Hope this helps.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">All the best,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Randy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">——<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Professor Randy J. LaPolla</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">（罗仁地</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">)</span><span lang="EN-GB">, PhD FAHA </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Center for Language Sciences</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City, Guangdong, China</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://randylapolla.info/">https://randylapolla.info</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ORCID ID:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color:#494A4C;background:white"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196</a> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.5pt">邮编：</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt">519087<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt">广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt">18</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt">号木铎楼</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt">A302<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt">北京师范大学珠海校区</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt">人文和社会科学高等研究院</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt">语言科学研究中心</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">On 27 Jul 2023, at 5:28 PM, Sergey Loesov <<a href="mailto:sergeloesov@gmail.com">sergeloesov@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:11.65pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear colleagues,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:11.65pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Do you know of languages that have past-tense forms of transitive verbs with both active and passive readings?
In particular, languages in which the same token can appear as both active and passive, depending on the context?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:11.65pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">This seems to be the case in the unwritten language Modern Western Aramaic, spoken in the Syrian Anti-Lebanon/Kalamoun.
Thus,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>ifṯeḥ</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(a Perfect-Resultative verb form) may mean ‘he (has) opened’ and ‘he has been opened/he is opened.’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="margin-bottom:8.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:11.65pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:11.65pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Thank you very much,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="margin-bottom:8.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:11.65pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:11.65pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sergey</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:SimSun"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>