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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear Ian – Obviously (right?), that’s going to depend on your definition of ‘convergence’. As far as I’m aware, there are four different factors that can cause two languages A and B to share a given feature.
In no particular order:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="i">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Transmission (i.e., inheritance from a common ancestor);<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Diffusion (i.e., contact, whether directly between A and B or via some intermediate C);<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Parallel evolution;<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Coincidence.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Adjudicating between (iii) and (iv) as causes responsible for any given shared property between A and B is something we’re arguably not (yet?) able to do empirically, so let’s ignore the difference between
(iii) and (iv) for present purposes and treat them as a package. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Factor (i) can be eliminated simply by stipulating that ‘convergence’ is something we’re only going to consider for unrelated languages (although in reality contact-induced change of course happens among related
languages just as much if not more as it does among unrelated ones). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">The tough one seems to be to distinguish between (ii) and (iii)+(iv).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">One possible solution would be to define ‘convergence’ as metatypy. If I replace ‘convergence’ with ‘metatypy’ in your first generalization, the generalization strikes me near-trivially true. That’s because
I take it for granted that (iii)+(iv) couldn’t possibly account for metatypy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">But then we’d just have replaced one term with another. Besides, we’d still be lacking a definition for ‘divergence’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best – Juergen<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Ian Joo <ian_joo@nucba.ac.jp><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, August 3, 2023 at 01:59<br>
<b>To: </b><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Contact and convergence/divergence<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear typologists,<br>
<br>
I would like to know if you agree with the following statements:<br>
<br>
1. contact is the necessary and sufficient explanation for convergence.<br>
2. absence of contact is a sufficient (but not necessary) explanation for divergence.<br>
<br>
I would appreciate it if you could share your thoughts on why you agree or disagree.<br>
<br>
>From Hong Kong,<br>
Ian<br>
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