<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Dear Cat,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">As Guillaume kindly noted, the syncretism pattern you mentioned is present in Teanu, Lovono and Tanema - the three languages of Vanikoro (Solomon islands), from the Temotu subgroup of Oceanic (Austronesian).</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The system of (non-singular) subject prefixes shows a syncretic pattern {1exc = 2}; and another pattern {1inc = 3 = 4} (where "4" is a generic, impersonal subject, similar to German <i>man</i>).</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I dedicated a conference paper to that syncretism:</div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><ul style=""><li style=""><font face="georgia, serif">François, Alexandre. 2014. “Person syncretism and impersonal reference in Vanikoro languages” – presentation given at SWL6 conference (Syntax of the World's Languages), Università di Pavia.</font></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">You can view the slides of that talk <a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_SWL6_Vanikoro-impersonal_Sept2014.pdf">online</a>; see especially the prefix paradigm on <a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_SWL6_Vanikoro-impersonal_Sept2014.pdf#page=14">slide 14</a>. On <a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_SWL6_Vanikoro-impersonal_Sept2014.pdf#page=19">slide 19</a> I propose an interpretation of those patterns:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><ul><li>In order to describe the {1inc =3 =4} pattern in an emic way, I coined the term <i>collocutive</i>, referring to a situation where the two speech act participants (speaker & addressee) are equally involved in the action, either positively (1inc, 4) or negatively (3rd person).</li><li>Likewise, to account for the {1exc = 2} pattern, I proposed the term <i>dislocutive</i>, where the two SAPs behave disjointly in the action: the subject includes the speaker but not the addressee, or vice versa.</li></ul><div>Here are two examples in the dual:</div><div><img src="cid:ii_llc62u2v0" alt="image.png" width="369" height="124" style="margin-right: 0px;"><br></div><div>__________</div><div>Before I saw Guillaume's reply, I was going to reply to your more general question:</div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div>> <font color="#134f5c"><i><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">It exhibits both some very weird syncretism (same </span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">marking of 1EX and 2nd person) and the opposite of that (e.g. plural </span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">being marked differently in all four persons). What do we call that? </span><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Just differential marking?</span></i></font></div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div><br></div><div>In the domain of the lexicon, I've been calling the former configuration “colexification” (similar to syncretism); and the opposite, “dislexification” (cf. the contrast <i>con-junct </i>/<i> dis-junct</i>, etc). </div><div>Martin Haspelmath has <a href="https://twitter.com/haspelmath/status/1688937593403060224">recently</a> proposed to extend this sort of contrast to grammatical morphemes, using “cogrammification” (including cases of <i>morphological syncretism</i>), and “coexpression” in general. For the opposite, one could propose “disgrammification” and “disexpression”, but I don't see those terms in Martin's <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/8223665">handout</a>. Otherwise, the standard terms, I guess, are simply “formal distinction” or “formal contrast”. (Maybe other people on the list will think of different terms.)</div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="2">Alex</font></span><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></span></font></p><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br></span><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Australian National University</a></font><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><br></span></font></span></font></span><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a><br></span></font></span></div><div><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___</font><br><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></div></div></div></div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Guillaume Jacques</strong> <span dir="auto"><<a href="mailto:rgyalrongskad@gmail.com">rgyalrongskad@gmail.com</a>></span><br>Date: Tue, 15 Aug 2023 at 11:37<br>Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] What is the opposite of syncretism?<br>To: Cat Butz <<a href="mailto:Cat.Butz@hhu.de">Cat.Butz@hhu.de</a>><br>Cc: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br></div><br><br><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Concerning the weird pattern 1pl.excl=2pl (distinct from pl.incl), Alex François reports the same in the languages of Vanikoro, see Table 8 in the following chapter:<div><br></div><div><a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2009_Vanikoro-languages.pdf" target="_blank">Alex Francois – The languages of Vanikoro (2009) (huma-num.fr)</a><br></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Le mar. 15 août 2023 à 11:32, Cat Butz <<a href="mailto:Cat.Butz@hhu.de" target="_blank">Cat.Butz@hhu.de</a>> a écrit :<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Hello everyone,<br>
<br>
I'm presenting a pronoun paradigm of Dalkalaen this week at the Affixes <br>
symposium in Turku. It exhibits both some very weird syncretism (same <br>
marking of 1EX and 2nd person) and the opposite of that (e.g. plural <br>
being marked differently in all four persons). What do we call that? <br>
Just differential marking?<br>
<br>
Thank you, and hopefully see you on Thursday/Friday,<br>
-- <br>
Cat Butz (she)<br>
HHU Düsseldorf<br>
General Linguistics<br>
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</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><div><br></div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div>Guillaume Jacques</div><div><br></div><div>Directeur de recherches<br>CNRS (CRLAO) - EPHE- INALCO <br></div><div><a href="https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=1XCp2-oAAAAJ&hl=fr" target="_blank">https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=1XCp2-oAAAAJ&hl=fr</a><br></div><div><a href="http://cnrs.academia.edu/GuillaumeJacques" target="_blank">https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/295</a></div><div><div><a href="http://panchr.hypotheses.org/" target="_blank">http://panchr.hypotheses.org/</a></div></div></div></div>
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