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    <p>Hi Randy,</p>
    <p>thanks for this report. There would be no point in criticizing
      Chao, doubtless an eminent grammarian. However, it does not seem
      that his use of the term 'argument' throws much light on Mandarin
      grammar. Given your examples, nothing, of course, prevents you
      from defining a function die(x, y) such that x is a being touched
      by the death and y is the dying being. You then get a multiplicity
      of functions die(v,w), where v and w play different roles. I am
      not sure that this use of the word 'argument' helps in
      understanding how the Chinese constructions work. - On the other
      hand, the analysis in terms of topic and comment seems to have
      gained foot in the literature. It does not seem to necessarily
      involve the function-argument analysis.<br>
    </p>
    <p>Best, Christian</p>
    <p>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
    </p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 22.08.2023 um 18:52 schrieb Randy J.
      LaPolla:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
      cite="mid:4A5DC618-D614-43EF-A86E-F75030636950@gmail.com">
      <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
      Hi Christian,
      <div><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;
          line-height: 18.4px;" lang="EN-US">Y. R. Chao argued that the
          arguments in Chinese are like the arguments of a mathematical
          function. He argued (1968:69-70) that Chinese clause structure
          is simply topic and comment, and “A corollary to the
          topic-comment nature of predication is that the direction of
          action in an action verb in the predicate need not go outward
          from subject to object.  Even in an N-V-N´ sequence, such as [</span><span
          style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height:
          18.4px;" lang="EN-US">gǒu yǎo rén</span><span
          style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height:
          18.4px;" lang="EN-US"> (dog bite man)], it is not always
          certain that the action goes outward from N to N´.” (1968:
          70). </span></div>
      <div>
        <p class="Paragraphindented" style="text-indent: 0cm; margin:
          0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 16.866667px;"><span
            style="line-height: 18.4px;" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
        <p class="Paragraphindented" style="text-indent: 0cm; margin:
          0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 16.866667px;"><span
            style="line-height: 18.4px;" lang="EN-US">Chao (1955, 1959)
            also argued that word order is not determined by, and does
            not affect the interpretation of actor vs. non-actor; he
            said the clause is analogous to a function in logic: the
            argument is an argument of the function, and the truth value
            is unaffected by its position in the clause (1959:254).  <o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="Paragraphindented" style="text-indent: 0cm; margin:
          0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 16.866667px;"><span
            style="line-height: 18.4px;" lang="EN-US"><br>
          </span></p>
        <p class="Paragraphindented" style="text-indent: 0cm; margin:
          0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 16.866667px;"><span
            style="line-height: 18.4px;" lang="EN-US">He used the terms
            “subject” for the topic and “object” for a reference phrase
            (regardless of the semantic role of the referent in the
            event), as in Chinese many sorts of semantic roles can
            appear after the verb (e.g. 'I eat rice’, ‘I eat
            restaurant’, 'I eat big bowl’,' I eat chopsticks’, 'this pot
            of rice eats ten people (can feed ten people), ‘He died
            father’ = 'he suffered the event of his father dying’,' fall
            rain CHANGE OF STATE’ = It is raining’. In all of these
            cases he would call the postverbal reference phrase the
            “object”.</span></p>
        <p class="Paragraphindented" style="text-indent: 0cm; margin:
          0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 16.866667px;"><span
            style="line-height: 18.4px;" lang="EN-US"><br>
          </span></p>
        <p class="Paragraphindented" style="text-indent: 0cm; margin:
          0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 16.866667px;"><span
            style="line-height: 18.4px;" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt;
          font-size: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman",
          serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; line-height:
          18.4px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Chao Yuen Ren. 1955[1976]. Notes
            on Chinese grammar and logic. In <i>Aspects of Chinese
              sociolinguistics: Essays by Yuen Ren Chao,</i> Anwar S.
            Dil (ed.), 237-249. Stanford: Stanford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt;
          font-size: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman",
          serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; line-height:
          18.4px;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="text-indent:
              -14.2pt;">Chao Yuen Ren. 1959[1976]. How Chinese logic
              operates. In</span><span style="text-indent: -14.2pt;"> </span><i
              style="text-indent: -14.2pt;">Aspects of Chinese
              sociolinguistics: Essays by Yuen Ren Chao,</i><span
              style="text-indent: -14.2pt;"> </span><span
              style="text-indent: -14.2pt;">Anwar S. Dil (ed.), 250 259.
              Stanford: Stanford University Press.</span><span
              style="text-indent: -14.2pt;"> </span></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt;
          font-size: medium; font-family: "Times New Roman",
          serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; line-height:
          18.4px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Chao Yuen Ren. 1968. <i>A grammar
              of spoken Chinese</i>. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of
            California Press.</span></p>
        <p class="Paragraphindented" style="text-indent: 0cm; margin:
          0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 16.866667px;"><span
            style="line-height: 18.4px;" lang="EN-US"><br>
          </span></p>
        <p class="Paragraphindented" style="text-indent: 0cm; margin:
          0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 16.866667px;"><span
            style="line-height: 18.4px;" lang="EN-US">All the best,</span></p>
        <p class="Paragraphindented" style="text-indent: 0cm; margin:
          0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: 16.866667px;"><span
            style="line-height: 18.4px;" lang="EN-US">Randy</span></p>
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                          <div><span style="font-size: 14px;">——</span></div>
                          <div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Professor
                              Randy J. LaPolla</span><span
                              style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica,
                              Arial; font-size: 13.333333px; orphans: 2;
                              widows: 2;">(罗仁地)</span><span
                              style="font-size: 14px;">, PhD FAHA </span></div>
                          <div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Center for
                              Language Sciences</span></div>
                          <div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Institute
                              for Advanced Studies in Humanities and
                              Social Sciences</span></div>
                          <div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Beijing
                              Normal University at Zhuhai</span></div>
                          <div><span style="font-size: 14px;">A302,
                              Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai
                              City</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">,
                              Guangdong</span><span style="font-size:
                              14px;">, China</span></div>
                          <div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br>
                            </span></div>
                          <div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><a
                                href="https://randylapolla.info/"
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                                  class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196</a> </span></span> 
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                          <div><span style="font-size: 15px;">邮编:519087</span><br
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      <br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
      <div><br>
        <blockquote type="cite">
          <div>On 22 Aug 2023, at 11:19 PM, Christian Lehmann
            <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de"><christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de></a> wrote:</div>
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              charset=UTF-8">
            <div>
              <p>I am sure that what I am about to do here is completely
                inappropriate on this list. In the interest of improving
                communication among us, allow me nevertheless to use the
                message by Hans Götzsche as support: If you think you
                need to use the (mathematical and logical) term
                'argument' in a context dealing with grammar, then
                please at least make it  clear whether an argument
                occupies a role in semantic relationality or a syntactic
                function in valency. Just one example: English <i>dine</i>
                has two semantic roles, the eater and the thing eaten
                (which may be called, i.a., agent and patient). It has
                one dependent controlled by its valency, taking the form
                of a subject and representing the eater. How many
                arguments does it have?</p>
              <p>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                <br>
              </p>
              <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 21.08.2023 um 08:03
                schrieb Hans Götzsche:<br>
              </div>
              <blockquote type="cite"
                cite="mid:EB072503-E747-4E5D-8654-5565EBE08BDD@ikp.aau.dk">
                <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
                  charset=UTF-8">
                Begin forwarded message:<br>
                <div>
                  <blockquote type="cite"><br
                      class="Apple-interchange-newline">
                    <div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px;
                      margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px;"> <span
                        style="font-family: -webkit-system-font,
                        "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica,
                        sans-serif;"><b>From: </b></span><span
                        style="font-family: -webkit-system-font,
                        Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hans
                        Götzsche <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E"
                          href="mailto:goetzsche@ikp.aau.dk"
                          moz-do-not-send="true"><goetzsche@ikp.aau.dk></a><br>
                      </span></div>
                    <div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px;
                      margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px;"> <span
                        style="font-family: -webkit-system-font,
                        "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica,
                        sans-serif;"><b>Subject: </b></span><span
                        style="font-family: -webkit-system-font,
                        Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Re:
                          [Lingtyp] argument structure</b><br>
                      </span></div>
                    <div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px;
                      margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px;"> <span
                        style="font-family: -webkit-system-font,
                        "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica,
                        sans-serif;"><b>Date: </b></span><span
                        style="font-family: -webkit-system-font,
                        Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif;">21
                        August 2023 at 15.44.46 CEST<br>
                      </span></div>
                    <div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px;
                      margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px;"> <span
                        style="font-family: -webkit-system-font,
                        "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica,
                        sans-serif;"><b>To: </b></span><span
                        style="font-family: -webkit-system-font,
                        Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Vladimir
                        Panov <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E"
                          href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com"
                          moz-do-not-send="true"><panovmeister@gmail.com></a><br>
                      </span></div>
                    <br>
                    <div>
                      <div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;
                        -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break:
                        after-white-space;">
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
                          none; font-kerning: auto;
                          font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal;"> Dear
                          Vladimir,</div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
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                          17px;"> <br>
                        </div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
                          none; font-kerning: auto;
                          font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal;"> allow me a
                          late comment. I have no remarks on Christian
                          Lehman’s comment, so I shall only mention that
                          the notion of ‘argument’ in theoretical
                          linguistics has, to my knowledge, ‘slipped
                          through the back door’, via formal approaches,
                          from mathematics, presumably 1865 (see *), and
                          later computation theory; meaning</div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
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                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
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                          font-variation-settings: normal; min-height:
                          17px;"> <br>
                        </div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;
                          font-family: Georgia; font-size-adjust: none;
                          font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates:
                          normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
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                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(65, 71, 77); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(65, 71,
                          77); background-color: rgb(251, 249, 240);"> <span
                            style="font-kerning: none">An independent
                            variable of a function</span><span
                            style="font-style: normal;
                            font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                            normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                            Helvetica; font-size-adjust: none;
                            font-variant-alternates: normal;
                            font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                            font-variant-numeric: normal;
                            font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                            font-variant-position: normal;
                            font-feature-settings: normal;
                            font-optical-sizing: auto;
                            font-variation-settings: normal;
                            font-kerning: none;">.</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
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                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
                          none; font-kerning: auto;
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                          -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(65, 71, 77);
                          background-color: rgb(251, 249, 240);
                          min-height: 17px;"> <span
                            style="font-kerning: none"></span><br>
                        </div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
                          none; font-kerning: auto;
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                          background-color: rgb(251, 249, 240);"> <span
                            style="font-kerning: none">I first
                            encountered the technical use of the word <i>argument</i>
                            at my ‘first course in formal logic’ (many
                            years ago), and the use of the term in
                            linguistics is one of the reasons why I
                            decided to develop ‘my own’ nomenclature in
                            formal syntax. As is well known the way we,
                            as linguists, use the myriad of technical
                            terms depends on what club (guild,
                            brotherhood, you choose) we are members of,
                            and taken as a set of words covering all
                            bits and pieces of (by some called) “the
                            language sciences” the set is full of
                            inconsistences, and sometimes
                            contradictions. Thus, it is not quite true
                            that “we all use the term “argument
                            structure””, and I only use the word <i>argument</i>
                            in the context of formal logic. The aim of
                            my development mentioned above, which was
                            published in</span></div>
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                          -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(65, 71, 77);
                          background-color: rgb(251, 249, 240);
                          min-height: 17px;"> <span
                            style="font-kerning: none"></span><br>
                        </div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; font-size: 18px; line-height: normal;
                          font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto;
                          font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
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                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(55, 59, 83); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(65, 71,
                          77);"> <span style="font-kerning: none;
                            background-color: #ffffff"><b>Deviational
                              Syntactic Structures</b></span><span
                            style="font-style: normal;
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                            normal; font-size: 14px; line-height:
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                            font-variant-position: normal;
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                            font-optical-sizing: auto;
                            font-variation-settings: normal;
                            font-kerning: none; background-color:
                            rgb(255, 255, 255);">†</span></div>
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                          -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(65, 71, 77);
                          min-height: 17px;"> <br>
                        </div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
                          none; font-kerning: auto;
                          font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
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                          -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                          -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(65, 71, 77);">
                          was to establish a nomenclature that was both
                          consistent and would be able to cover all
                          language domains, from speech sounds to
                          semantics (but, so far, not pragmatics; which
                          I prefer to see as a matter of cultural
                          codifications). This was in line with the well
                          known and acknowledged Danish tradition in
                          Theoretical Linguistics (some scholars
                          remember Rasmus Rask and Karl Verner, to name
                          a few) and it was based on ideas by Otto
                          Jespersen and Louis Hjelmslev – as for the
                          formal systems – and the empirical
                          achievements of the grammarian Paul
                          Diderichsen. My suggestions were not all
                          cheered by Danish linguistists, but the formal
                          system – comparable to, e.g., <span
                            style="font-kerning: none; color: rgb(14,
                            14, 14); background-color: rgb(255, 255,
                            255); -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                            14);"> Montague grammar – was the first and
                            only amalgamation of Hjelmslev’s <i>Glossematics</i>
                            and the descriptive tradition of Danish
                            syntax.</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
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                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
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                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(14, 14, 14); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);
                          min-height: 17px;"> <span
                            style="font-kerning: none"></span><br>
                        </div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
                          none; font-kerning: auto;
                          font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(14, 14, 14); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span
                            style="font-kerning: none">I once read a
                            ‘Dear Sir’ letter to a Danish newspaper in
                            which the writer offered the opinion (in
                            translation): “why don’t everybody use words
                            the way I do; it would make everything much
                            easier”. But, of course, adopting such a
                            view would be impertinent.</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
                          none; font-kerning: auto;
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                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(14, 14, 14); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);
                          min-height: 17px;"> <span
                            style="font-kerning: none"></span><br>
                        </div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
                          none; font-kerning: auto;
                          font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
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                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(14, 14, 14); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span
                            style="font-kerning: none">Best wishes,</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
                          none; font-kerning: auto;
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                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(14, 14, 14); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);
                          min-height: 17px;"> <span
                            style="font-kerning: none"></span><br>
                        </div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(16, 128, 129); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none">Hans
                            Götzsche (MA,PhD)</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(16, 128, 129); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none"><i>Former
                              President, NAL</i></span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
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                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(16, 128, 129); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none"><i>Nordic
                              Association of Linguists</i></span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(16, 128, 129); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none">Emeritus
                            Associate Professor</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(16, 128, 129); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none">Director,
                            Center for Linguistics</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(16, 128, 129); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none">Aalborg
                            University</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(16, 128, 129); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none">Rendsburggade
                            14</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(16, 128, 129); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none">9000
                            Aalborg</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color:
                          rgb(16, 128, 129); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none">DENMARK</span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                          font-variant-position: normal;
                          font-feature-settings: normal;
                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color: rgb(9,
                          79, 209); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                          -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14, 14);">
                          <span style="text-decoration: underline ;
                            font-kerning: none"><a
                              href="mailto:goetzsche@ikp.aau.dk"
                              moz-do-not-send="true"
                              class="moz-txt-link-freetext">goetzsche@ikp.aau.dk</a></span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; line-height: normal; font-family:
                          Arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning:
                          auto; font-variant-alternates: normal;
                          font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
                          font-variant-east-asian: normal;
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                            Hans Goetzsche</span></div>
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                            Professore Universitario</span></div>
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                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none">Via
                            S. Apollinare 19,2</span></div>
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                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none">36063
                            Marostica (VI)</span></div>
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                          rgb(52, 33, 192); -webkit-text-stroke-width:
                          0px; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14,
                          14);"> <span style="font-kerning: none">ITALIA</span></div>
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                          normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust:
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                          -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14, 14);
                          min-height: 17px;"> <br>
                        </div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;
                          font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto;
                          font-variant-alternates: normal;
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                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal;
                          -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                          -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(14, 14, 14);">
                          <span style="font-style: normal;
                            font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                            normal; font-size: 14px; line-height:
                            normal; font-size-adjust: none;
                            font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates:
                            normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                            font-variant-numeric: normal;
                            font-variant-east-asian: normal;
                            font-variant-position: normal;
                            font-feature-settings: normal;
                            font-optical-sizing: auto;
                            font-variation-settings: normal;">*</span><a
                            class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/144141/what-is-the-sense-of-using-word-argument-for-inputs-of-a-function"
                            moz-do-not-send="true">https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/144141/what-is-the-sense-of-using-word-argument-for-inputs-of-a-function</a></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;
                          font-family: Times; font-size-adjust: none;
                          font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates:
                          normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal;
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                          0, 233); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                          -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 233);"> <span
                            style="text-decoration: underline ;
                            font-kerning: none"><a
href="https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/144141/what-is-the-sense-of-using-word-argument-for-inputs-of-a-function"
                              moz-do-not-send="true">terminology - What
                              is the sense of using word "argument", for
                              inputs of a function? - English Language
                              & Usage Stack Exchange<span
                                style="font-style: normal;
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                                font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0,
                                233);"></span></a></span></div>
                        <div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal;
                          font-variant-caps: normal; font-stretch:
                          normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;
                          font-family: Times; font-size-adjust: none;
                          font-kerning: auto; font-variant-alternates:
                          normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal;
                          font-variant-numeric: normal;
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                          font-optical-sizing: auto;
                          font-variation-settings: normal; color: rgb(0,
                          0, 233); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                          -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 233);"> <span
                            style="text-decoration: underline ;
                            font-kerning: none">† <a
href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/deviational-syntactic-structures-9781472587961/"
                              moz-do-not-send="true"> <span
                                style="font-style: normal;
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                                font-variation-settings: normal;
                                font-kerning: none; color: rgb(0, 0,
                                233);">https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/deviational-syntactic-structures-9781472587961/</span></a></span></div>
                        <div><br>
                        </div>
                        <div><br>
                          <blockquote type="cite">
                            <div>On 19 Aug 2023, at 12.11, Vladimir
                              Panov <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E"
                                href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com"
                                moz-do-not-send="true"><panovmeister@gmail.com></a>
                              wrote:</div>
                            <br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
                            <div>
                              <div>
                                <div dir="ltr">Dear colleagues,
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>I have a very general question to
                                    you. We all use the term "argument
                                    structure" and we are used to
                                    semantic labels like A, S or P or
                                    syntactic labels like subject,
                                    direct and indirect object. Many
                                    linguistis, especially those
                                    adhering to "formal" approaches,
                                    would argue that there are also
                                    adjuncts which are not arguments.</div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>Is anybody aware of any attempts
                                    to seriously challenge the adequacy
                                    of the very notion of "arguments" in
                                    general? After all, ir seems that
                                    there are languages which do not
                                    encode or encode little the "roles"
                                    of named entities (noun phrases,
                                    pronouns etc.) anywhere in
                                    utterance, especially in colloquial
                                    language, or encode entities like
                                    the addressee rather than the agent
                                    or the patient. My intuition tells
                                    me that there might be such critical
                                    works in the traditions of
                                    usage-based linguistics,
                                    interactional linguistics,
                                    conversation analysis or linguistic
                                    anthropology but I have found very
                                    little. Actually, I've only
                                    discovered the very recent Heine's
                                    book in which he argues for a
                                    broader understanding of argument
                                    structure which includes speech
                                    situation participants - a very
                                    interestinng view. So am looking for
                                    more research in this spirit.</div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>I'm sorry if it sounds a bit
                                    confusing but if anything like that
                                    comes to you mind I'll be happy if
                                    you can share it.</div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div>Best,</div>
                                  <div>Vladimir Panov</div>
                                  <div><br>
                                  </div>
                                  <div><i>I condemn the Russian
                                      agression in Ukraine</i></div>
                                </div>
                              </div>
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