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    <p>Agreed. I was extrapolating from the Cabecar facts; but in fact,
      the formal development of a functional contrast in terms of a
      markedness opposition is a matter of every language's grammar.<br>
    </p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 27.08.2023 um 11:02 schrieb Juergen
      Bohnemeyer:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:SJ0PR15MB4696B0D7D1CF5F2A8F7DB086DDE1A@SJ0PR15MB4696.namprd15.prod.outlook.com">
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        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">I would
            think of it more in terms of iconicity than in terms of
            markedness:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Suppose the
            grammar of a particular language provides for both finite
            and nonfinite complements.
            <o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Suppose
            furthermore that the members of the speech community
            frequently communicate about both event perception and
            propositional inference.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">In this
            situation, I would assume that nonfinite complements become
            an attractor for the event perception meaning, whereas
            finite complements become an attractor for the propositional
            inference meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Why? Perhaps
            the simplest explanation would be that propositional
            inference complements have independent time reference,
            whereas event perception complements refer to events that
            necessarily unfold contemporaneously with the perception
            event. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">One could
            also say that the independent vs. dependent time reference
            contrast is simply a special case of a broader contrast,
            whereby event perception is conceptually simpler than
            propositional inference.
            <o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best –
            Juergen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <div>
          <div>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen
                Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
                Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
                University at Buffalo <br>
                <br>
                Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
                Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
                Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
                Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
                Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a
                  href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"
                  title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
                Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a
                  href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"
                  title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"
                  moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                    style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
                <br>
              </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">Office
                hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom
                (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
                <br>
                There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light
                Gets In <br>
                (Leonard Cohen)  </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt" lang="DE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt" lang="DE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
        <div id="mail-editor-reference-message-container">
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              <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span
                    style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
                  </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Christian
                  Lehmann <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de"><christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de></a><br>
                  <b>Date: </b>Sunday, August 27, 2023 at 18:49<br>
                  <b>To: </b>Juergen Bohnemeyer
                  <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><jb77@buffalo.edu></a>,
                  <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
                  <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
                  <b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] semantics of object
                  clauses of perception verbs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </div>
            <p>Thank you very much, that is sufficient for present
              purposes (although alternative terms from the floor remain
              welcome). I doubt, though, that every use of the 'that'
              variant of this construction conveys an inference. It
              would rather appear to be the unmarked variant, such that
              subordination by something like 'how' is the marked
              variant insisting on event perception.<o:p></o:p></p>
            <div>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Am
                  27.08.2023 um 10:43 schrieb Juergen Bohnemeyer:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </div>
            <blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Yes.
                  Personally, I like ‘event perception’ vs.
                  ‘propositional inference’. ‘Event perception’ for the
                  “direct” case has certainly been used elsewhere,
                  though I would have to google it to be sure where. See
                  for example here:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a
href="https://ub01.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/47121/pdf/Maienborn_2011_Event_semantics.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"
                    moz-do-not-send="true">https://ub01.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/47121/pdf/Maienborn_2011_Event_semantics.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best –
                  Juergen</span><o:p></o:p></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
              <div>
                <div>
                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                      style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen
                      Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
                      Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
                      University at Buffalo <br>
                      <br>
                      Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
                      Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY
                      14260 <br>
                      Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
                      Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
                      Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a
                        href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"
                        title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"
                        moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                          style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
                      Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a
                        href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"
                        title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"
                        moz-do-not-send="true"><span
                          style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
                      <br>
                    </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black">Office
                      hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom
                      (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
                      <br>
                      There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The
                      Light Gets In <br>
                      (Leonard Cohen)  </span><o:p></o:p></p>
                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-- </span><o:p></o:p></p>
                </div>
              </div>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"
                  lang="DE"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"
                  lang="DE"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
              <div id="mail-editor-reference-message-container">
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                  <div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF
                    1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
                    <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span
                          style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
                        </span></b><span
                        style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <a
href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"
                          moz-do-not-send="true">
<lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> on behalf of
                        Christian Lehmann <a
                          href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de"
                          moz-do-not-send="true">
                          <christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de></a><br>
                        <b>Date: </b>Sunday, August 27, 2023 at 18:33<br>
                        <b>To: </b><a
                          href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                          class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
                        <a
                          href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
                          moz-do-not-send="true"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
                        <b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] semantics of object
                        clauses of perception verbs</span><o:p></o:p></p>
                  </div>
                  <p>Please: what are the technical terms for the
                    semantic contrast between 'she saw that the
                    foreigner passed by' and 'she saw how the foreigner
                    passed by'? (I just found it in Cabecar.)<o:p></o:p></p>
                  <p>Thanks in advance,<o:p></o:p></p>
                  <p>Christian<o:p></o:p></p>
                  <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">--
                    </span><o:p></o:p></p>
                  <div>
                    <p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Prof. em. Dr.
                        Christian Lehmann<br>
                        Rudolfstr. 4<br>
                        99092 Erfurt<br>
                        <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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                          <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                style="font-size:9.0pt">Tel.:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
                          </td>
                          <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                style="font-size:9.0pt">+49/361/2113417</span><o:p></o:p></p>
                          </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                style="font-size:9.0pt">E-Post:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
                          </td>
                          <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                style="font-size:9.0pt"><a
                                  href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de"
                                  moz-do-not-send="true"
                                  class="moz-txt-link-freetext">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
                          </td>
                        </tr>
                        <tr>
                          <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                style="font-size:9.0pt">Web:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
                          </td>
                          <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                            <p class="MsoNormal"><span
                                style="font-size:9.0pt"><a
                                  href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/"
                                  moz-do-not-send="true"
                                  class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
                          </td>
                        </tr>
                      </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </blockquote>
            <div>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <p><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Prof. em. Dr. Christian
                  Lehmann<br>
                  Rudolfstr. 4<br>
                  99092 Erfurt<br>
                  <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
              <table class="MsoNormalTable" cellpadding="0" border="0">
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Tel.:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                    </td>
                    <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">+49/361/2113417<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">E-Post:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                    </td>
                    <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><a
                            href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de"
                            moz-do-not-send="true"
                            class="moz-txt-link-freetext">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Web:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
                    </td>
                    <td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><a
                            href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/"
                            moz-do-not-send="true"
                            class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
      <p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
        Rudolfstr. 4<br>
        99092 Erfurt<br>
        <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
      <table style="font-size:80%">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>Tel.:</td>
            <td>+49/361/2113417</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>E-Post:</td>
            <td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Web:</td>
            <td><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
          </tr>
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    </div>
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