<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">This sounds like the opposite of the Japanese <i>-te shimau</i> construction (a “disfavorative”?).<div><br></div><div>Siva<br><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On 12 Sep 2023, at 7:04 pm, Christian Lehmann <christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div>
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Here is a Cabecar clitic with which I have been struggling for
years: The mobile enclitic <i>pa</i> attaches to almost any
constituent in a clause S at almost any position and conveys
something like 'S is/would be good/better/convenient/desirable'. The
translation difference between 'is' and 'would be' depends on the
mood of the verb of S.<br>
<br>
With the indicative:<br>
<ol>
<li><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.21cm; page-break-after: avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><a name="__RefNumPara__1821223_1223437824"></a> <font color="#008000">I ks-á=jka=pa.</font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-left: 1.27cm; page-break-after: avoid" align="left">
<font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2">3 sing-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">pfv=atp=fav</span></font></p><p class="ex-translation"> ‘Appropriately enough, he
already sang.’</p>
<ol>
<li><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.21cm; page-break-after: avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><a name="__RefNumPara__8061151_1223437824"></a> <font color="#008000">Ká yís dä jawá kú̱na̱=pa=ba.</font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-left: 1.27cm; page-break-after: avoid" align="left">
<font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">neg</span> 1.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">sg</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps">cop</span> healer <span style="font-variant: small-caps">n.val=</span></font><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">fav</span></font><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">=acp</span></font></p><p class="ex-translation"> ‘I am not yet a healer (as
would be
desirable).’</p><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div>
With the subjunctive:<br>
<ol>
<li><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.21cm; page-break-after: avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><a name="__RefNumPara__284052_3618361059"></a><font color="#008000"><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">S’ kí̱s-ö́=pa bá kú̱
bë́rbë́na̱ !</font></span></font></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-left: 1.27cm; page-break-after: avoid" align="left">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2">1.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">sg</span> wait-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">sbj</span>=</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">fav</span></font><font face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"> 2.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">sg</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps">erg</span> for.a.while</font></font></p><p class="ex-translation"> ‘<font face="Cambria, serif">Please
wait
a moment for me !’</font></p>
<ol>
<li><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.21cm; page-break-after: avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><font color="#008000"><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">Kë́</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">i
bak-ó̱-n-ó̱=pa </font></span></font></font><font face="Cambria, serif">!</font></font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-left: 1.27cm; page-break-after: avoid" align="left">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">neg</span> 3 <font><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2">take.away</font></font>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">sbj</span>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">mid</span>-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">sbj</span>=</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">fav</span></font></p><p class="ex-translation"> ‘<font face="Cambria, serif">Let
it not
be taken away !’</font></p><p class="ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif">In a
subordinate clause:</font></p>
<ol>
<li><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.21cm; page-break-after: avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><a name="__RefNumPara__3278621_1223437824"></a><font color="#008000"><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">Ma̱</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">kú̱ jé
w-ó̱=pa kí̱</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">=</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ka, bá
së́-r=mi̱</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">rä</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">báá.</font></span></font></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-left: 1.27cm; page-break-after: avoid" align="left">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2">[2.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">sg</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps">erg</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps">d.med</span> do1-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">sbj</span>=</font></font><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">fav</span></font><font face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps"></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps">sup=lat</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">]</span> 2.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">sg</span> feel:<span style="font-variant: small-caps">non</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">-mid</span>(<span style="font-variant: small-caps">ipfv</span>)=<span style="font-variant: small-caps"><font>pot</font></span>
<span style="font-variant: small-caps">tsa</span> nice</font></font></p><p class="ex-translation"> ‘<font face="Cambria, serif">Once</font><font face="Cambria, serif">
you would </font><font face="Cambria, serif">have </font><font face="Cambria, serif">conveniently</font><font face="Cambria, serif">
</font><font face="Cambria, serif">do</font><font face="Cambria, serif">ne</font><font face="Cambria, serif">
that</font><font face="Cambria, serif">, you </font><font face="Cambria, serif">might
have felt</font><font face="Cambria, serif"> good</font><font face="Cambria, serif">.’</font></p><p class="ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif">In an
interrogative sentence:</font></p>
<ol>
<li><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-top: 0.21cm; page-break-after: avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><a name="__RefNumPara__636698_3340814270"></a> <font color="#008000">… i te i sh-á=k<font face="Cambria, serif">á̱
</font><font face="Cambria, serif">ijé w</font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ä́</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">=</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">n</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">a̠ </font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">i ju</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ë́-n-</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">á̱</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">=pa jé=ra ...</font></span></font></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="page-break-inside: avoid; margin-left: 1.27cm; page-break-after: avoid" align="left">
<font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><font face="Cambria, serif">
</font><font face="Cambria, serif">3 </font><span style="font-variant: small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">erg</font></span><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font><font face="Cambria, serif">3 </font><font face="Cambria, serif">say-</font><span style="font-variant: small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">pfv=asc</font></span><font face="Cambria, serif"> [3.</font><span style="font-variant: small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">ps</font></span><font face="Cambria, serif"> face</font><font face="Cambria, serif">=</font><span style="font-variant: small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">in</font></span><font face="Cambria, serif"> 3 see</font><font face="Cambria, serif">2</font><font face="Cambria, serif">-</font><span style="font-variant: small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">mid=</font></span></font><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">fav</span></font><font style="font-size: 11pt" size="2"><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font><span style="font-variant: small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">d.med=tmp]</font></span></font></p><p class="ex-translation"> ‘…<font face="Cambria, serif">
they
</font><font face="Cambria, serif">added: “Does he perhaps know?”</font><font face="Cambria, serif">
...</font><font face="Cambria, serif">’ (Historia p. 8)</font></p><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div>
<br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div>
The subjunctive sentences would be imperatives and jussives without
<i>pa</i> and are attenuated by it. I have never seen such a thing
before; and since it is so unfamiliar, I cannot even translate it
well into English. I had at first called it 'optative'. There is,
however, a different particle with illocutionary force which
converts a subjunctive sentence into an optative sentence ('Would
that S!'), where S may or may not contain <i>pa</i>.<br>
<br>
I don't expect anybody to come up with an analysis of <i>pa</i> on
the basis of the above examples. My question is: Has anybody ever
seen such a thing? And if so, how did you call it? I am not
particularly happy with my (or rather, my coauthor Guillermo's) most
recent neologism 'favorative'.<br>
<br>
-- <br>
<div class="moz-signature"><p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
<table style="font-size:80%">
<tbody>
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<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E-Post:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Web:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
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