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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Dear Bastian,<br>
<br>
just a short reply in the middle of what I hope will continue:<br>
Cabecar has a desiderative clitic in addition. [subject V=DES]
means 'subject wants to V'.<br>
<br>
Incidentally, I had commented on 'bouletic/boulomaic' and their
variants in <a
href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348151626_Interlinguale_grammatische_Begriffe">another
article</a>. Horrible terms from a classicist point of view.
However, you may be right that this kind of modality is, in fact,
involved. I wonder whether the Japanese and Australian
apprehensional categories would come under this modality, too.<br>
<br>
Thanks,<br>
Christian<br>
----------------------------------------------------------<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:E4BE23C2-C144-4F7A-B273-ED930ACC1C1E@gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<span class=""></span><span class="">Dear Christian,</span><span
class=""><br class="">
</span><span class="">Adding to what Ellison said
(with apprehensionals sometimes being analyzed as a combination
of epistemic possibility and negative subjective evaluation of
the state-of-affairs in question), I’d suggest the slightly more
common label <br class="">
</span><span class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span"
style="white-space:pre"> </span><br class="">
</span><span class=""><i class="">desiderative</i><br class="">
</span><span class=""><br class="">
</span><span class="">as the clitic seems to have a function (or
one if its functions) somewhere in the realm of bouletic (a.k.a.
boulomaic) modality/attitude in the sense of </span>„indicates[ing] the
degree of the speaker’s (or someone else’s) liking or disliking of
the state of affairs” (Nuts 2005: 12).
<div class="">
<div class=""><span style="text-indent: -48px;" class=""
lang="EN-GB"><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="text-indent: -48px;" class=""
lang="EN-GB">Nuyts, Jan. 2005. Modality: Overview and
linguistic issues. In William Frawley (ed.), <i class="">The
expression of modality</i>. </span><span
style="text-indent: -48px;" class="" lang="ES">1–26. Berlin:
de Gruyter</span>
<div class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span class="">Hope this helps!</span></div>
<div class=""><span class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span class="">Best,</span></div>
<div class=""><span class="">Bastian</span></div>
<div class="">
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<!--StartFragment-->
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:35.45pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:
-36.0pt"><br class="">
</p>
<!--EndFragment-->
<div class="">
<div><br class="">
</div>
<div><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">Am 12.09.2023 um 12:03 schrieb Ellison
Luk <<a href="mailto:ellisonluk@gmail.com"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
moz-do-not-send="true">ellisonluk@gmail.com</a>>:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div dir="ltr" class="">
<div class="">Dear Christian,</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Functionally, this seems to be
comparable to the 'apprehensional' category
(found in many Australian, Austronesian, and
South American languages). Instead of conveying
something undesirable or regrettable, the
'favorative' seems to convey desirability or
satisfaction. Apprehensional markers also often
have epistemic modal functions too
(uncertainty), which might also be a function of
your marker, if I interpret the interrogative
sentence example correctly.<br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Best,</div>
<div class="">Ellison<br class="">
</div>
</div>
<br class="">
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, 12 Sept
2023 at 11:04, Christian Lehmann <<a
href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
moz-do-not-send="true">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>>
wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div class=""> Here is a Cabecar clitic with
which I have been struggling for years: The
mobile enclitic <i class="">pa</i> attaches
to almost any constituent in a clause S at
almost any position and conveys something like
'S is/would be
good/better/convenient/desirable'. The
translation difference between 'is' and 'would
be' depends on the mood of the verb of S.<br
class="">
<br class="">
With the indicative:<br class="">
<ol class="">
<li class="">
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
lang="zxx" align="left"><a
name="m_-7489839403748840808___RefNumPara__1821223_1223437824" class=""
moz-do-not-send="true"></a> <font
class="" color="#008000">I
ks-á=jka=pa.</font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
align="left"> <font style="font-size:11pt"
class="" size="2">3 sing-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class="">pfv=atp=fav</span></font></p>
<p class=""> ‘Appropriately enough,
he already sang.’</p>
<ol class="">
<li class="">
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
lang="zxx" align="left"><a
name="m_-7489839403748840808___RefNumPara__8061151_1223437824" class=""
moz-do-not-send="true"></a> <font
class="" color="#008000">Ká yís dä
jawá kú̱na̱=pa=ba.</font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
align="left"> <font style="font-size:11pt"
class="" size="2"><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class="">neg</span>
1.<span style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">sg</span> <span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class="">cop</span>
healer <span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class="">n.val=</span></font><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2"><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class="">fav</span></font><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2"><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class="">=acp</span></font></p>
<p class=""> ‘I am not yet a healer
(as would be desirable).’</p>
<div class=""><br
class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
With the subjunctive:<br class="">
<ol class="">
<li class="">
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
lang="zxx" align="left"><a
name="m_-7489839403748840808___RefNumPara__284052_3618361059" class=""
moz-do-not-send="true"></a><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">S’
kí̱s-ö́=pa bá kú̱ bë́rbë́na̱
!</font></span></font></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
align="left"> <font class=""
face="Cambria, serif"><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2">1.<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">sg</span> wait-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">sbj</span>=</font></font><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2"><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class="">fav</span></font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2">
2.<span style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">sg</span> <span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">erg</span> for.a.while</font></font></p>
<p class=""> ‘<font class=""
face="Cambria, serif">Please wait a moment
for me !’</font></p>
<ol class="">
<li class="">
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
lang="zxx" align="left"><font class=""
color="#008000"><font class=""
color="#008000"><font class=""
face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">Kë́</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">
</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">i
bak-ó̱-n-ó̱=pa </font></span></font></font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">!</font></font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
align="left"> <font class=""
face="Cambria, serif"><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2"><span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">neg</span> 3 <font class=""><font
style="font-size:11pt" class=""
size="2">take.away</font></font>-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">sbj</span>-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">mid</span>-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">sbj</span>=</font></font><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2"><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class="">fav</span></font></p>
<p class=""> ‘<font class=""
face="Cambria, serif">Let it not be taken
away !’</font></p>
<p class=""><font class=""
face="Cambria, serif">In a subordinate
clause:</font></p>
<ol class="">
<li class="">
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
lang="zxx" align="left"><a
name="m_-7489839403748840808___RefNumPara__3278621_1223437824" class=""
moz-do-not-send="true"></a><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">Ma̱</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">
</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">kú̱
jé w-ó̱=pa kí̱</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">=</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">ka,
bá së́-r=mi̱</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">
</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">rä</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">
</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">báá.</font></span></font></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
align="left"> <font class=""
face="Cambria, serif"><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2">[2.<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">sg</span> <span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">erg</span> <span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">d.med</span> do1-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">sbj</span>=</font></font><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2"><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class="">fav</span></font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2"><span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class=""></span> <span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">sup=lat</span><span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">]</span> 2.<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">sg</span> feel:<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">non</span><span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">-mid</span>(<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">ipfv</span>)=<span
style="font-variant:small-caps"
class=""><font class="">pot</font></span>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">tsa</span> nice</font></font></p>
<p class=""> ‘<font class=""
face="Cambria, serif">Once</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"> you would
</font><font class="" face="Cambria, serif">have
</font><font class="" face="Cambria, serif">conveniently</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"> </font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">do</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">ne</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"> that</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">, you </font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">might have
felt</font><font class=""
face="Cambria, serif"> good</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">.’</font></p>
<p class=""><font class=""
face="Cambria, serif">In an interrogative
sentence:</font></p>
<ol class="">
<li class="">
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
lang="zxx" align="left"><a
name="m_-7489839403748840808___RefNumPara__636698_3340814270" class=""
moz-do-not-send="true"></a> <font
class="" color="#008000">… i te i
sh-á=k<font class=""
face="Cambria, serif">á̱ </font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">ijé w</font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">ä́</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">=</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">n</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">a̠
</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">i
ju</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">ë́-n-</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">á̱</font></span></font></font><font
class="" color="#008000"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"><span
class="" lang="zxx"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">=pa
jé=ra ...</font></span></font></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p
style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" class=""
align="left"> <font style="font-size:11pt"
class="" size="2"><font class=""
face="Cambria, serif"> </font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">3 </font><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class=""><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">erg</font></span><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"> </font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">3 </font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">say-</font><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class=""><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">pfv=asc</font></span><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"> [3.</font><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class=""><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">ps</font></span><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"> face</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">=</font><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class=""><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">in</font></span><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"> 3 see</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">2</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">-</font><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class=""><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">mid=</font></span></font><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2"><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class="">fav</span></font><font
style="font-size:11pt" class="" size="2"><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"> </font><span
style="font-variant:small-caps" class=""><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">d.med=tmp]</font></span></font></p>
<p class=""> ‘…<font class=""
face="Cambria, serif"> they </font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">added:
“Does he perhaps know?”</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif"> ...</font><font
class="" face="Cambria, serif">’ (Historia
p. 8)</font></p>
<div class=""><br
class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<div class=""><br
class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
<div class=""> <br
class="webkit-block-placeholder">
</div>
The subjunctive sentences would be imperatives
and jussives without <i class="">pa</i> and
are attenuated by it. I have never seen such a
thing before; and since it is so unfamiliar, I
cannot even translate it well into English. I
had at first called it 'optative'. There is,
however, a different particle with
illocutionary force which converts a
subjunctive sentence into an optative sentence
('Would that S!'), where S may or may not
contain <i class="">pa</i>.<br class="">
<br class="">
I don't expect anybody to come up with an
analysis of <i class="">pa</i> on the basis
of the above examples. My question is: Has
anybody ever seen such a thing? And if so, how
did you call it? I am not particularly happy
with my (or rather, my coauthor Guillermo's)
most recent neologism 'favorative'.<br
class="">
<br class="">
-- <br class="">
<div class="">
<p style="font-size:90%" class="">Prof. em.
Dr. Christian Lehmann<br class="">
Rudolfstr. 4<br class="">
99092 Erfurt<br class="">
<span style="font-variant:small-caps"
class="">Deutschland</span></p>
<table style="font-size:80%" class="">
<tbody class="">
<tr class="">
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<td class="">+49/361/2113417</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
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<td class=""><a
href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de" target="_blank"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
moz-do-not-send="true">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<td class="">Web:</td>
<td class=""><a
href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/" target="_blank"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
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<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
<table style="font-size:80%">
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<tr>
<td>Tel.:</td>
<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
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<tr>
<td>E-Post:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
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