<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">To continue on the apprehensive thread, it's interesting how they seem to overlap with Christian's 'favoratives' in the context of prohibition: 'Let it not be taken away (it is desirable that it is not taken away)', which is a classic context where Oceanic languages would use the apprehensive: 'Let it not be taken away (because its being taken away would be undesirable)'. For those interested, may I recommend Ellen Smith-Dennis' paper on apprehensives and prohibitives: "Don't feel obligated, lest it be undesirable: the relationship between apprehensives and prohibitives in Papapana and beyond", LingTyp 25:3 (2021). <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingty-2020-2070/html">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingty-2020-2070/html</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">Best,</div><div dir="ltr">Åshild<br><h1 style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0.5rem;line-height:36px;font-size:28px;font-family:Montserrat,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif"><br></h1></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Sep 12, 2023 at 12:46 PM Bastian Persohn <<a href="mailto:persohn.linguistics@gmail.com">persohn.linguistics@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><span></span><span>Dear Christian,</span><span><br></span><span>Adding to what Ellison said (with apprehensionals sometimes being analyzed as a combination of epistemic possibility and negative subjective evaluation of the state-of-affairs in question), I’d suggest the slightly more common label <br></span><span><span style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span><br></span><span><i>desiderative</i><br></span><span><br></span><span>as the clitic seems to have a function (or one if its functions) somewhere in the realm of bouletic (a.k.a. boulomaic) modality/attitude in the sense of </span>„indicates[ing] the degree of the speaker’s (or someone else’s) liking or disliking of the state of affairs” (Nuts 2005: 12).<div><div><span lang="EN-GB"><br></span></div><div><span lang="EN-GB">Nuyts, Jan. 2005. Modality: Overview and linguistic issues. In William Frawley (ed.), <i>The expression of modality</i>. </span><span lang="ES">1–26. Berlin: de Gruyter</span><div><span><br></span></div><div><span>Hope this helps!</span></div><div><span><br></span></div><div><span>Best,</span></div><div><span>Bastian</span></div><div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt"><br></p>
<div><div><br></div><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>Am 12.09.2023 um 12:03 schrieb Ellison Luk <<a href="mailto:ellisonluk@gmail.com" target="_blank">ellisonluk@gmail.com</a>>:</div><br><div><div dir="ltr"><div>Dear Christian,</div><div><br></div><div>Functionally, this seems to be comparable to the 'apprehensional' category (found in many Australian, Austronesian, and South American languages). Instead of conveying something undesirable or regrettable, the 'favorative' seems to convey desirability or satisfaction. Apprehensional markers also often have epistemic modal functions too (uncertainty), which might also be a function of your marker, if I interpret the interrogative sentence example correctly.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Ellison<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, 12 Sept 2023 at 11:04, Christian Lehmann <<a href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de" target="_blank">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><u></u>
<div>
Here is a Cabecar clitic with which I have been struggling for
years: The mobile enclitic <i>pa</i> attaches to almost any
constituent in a clause S at almost any position and conveys
something like 'S is/would be good/better/convenient/desirable'. The
translation difference between 'is' and 'would be' depends on the
mood of the verb of S.<br>
<br>
With the indicative:<br>
<ol>
<li><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><a name="m_-2109718738639942723_m_-7489839403748840808___RefNumPara__1821223_1223437824"></a> <font color="#008000">I ks-á=jka=pa.</font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" align="left">
<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2">3 sing-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">pfv=atp=fav</span></font></p><p> ‘Appropriately enough, he
already sang.’</p>
<ol>
<li><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><a name="m_-2109718738639942723_m_-7489839403748840808___RefNumPara__8061151_1223437824"></a> <font color="#008000">Ká yís dä jawá kú̱na̱=pa=ba.</font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" align="left">
<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">neg</span> 1.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">cop</span> healer <span style="font-variant:small-caps">n.val=</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">fav</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">=acp</span></font></p><p> ‘I am not yet a healer (as
would be
desirable).’</p><div><br></div>
With the subjunctive:<br>
<ol>
<li><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><a name="m_-2109718738639942723_m_-7489839403748840808___RefNumPara__284052_3618361059"></a><font color="#008000"><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">S’ kí̱s-ö́=pa bá kú̱
bë́rbë́na̱ !</font></span></font></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" align="left">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2">1.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span> wait-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sbj</span>=</font></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">fav</span></font><font face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"> 2.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">erg</span> for.a.while</font></font></p><p> ‘<font face="Cambria, serif">Please
wait
a moment for me !’</font></p>
<ol>
<li><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><font color="#008000"><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">Kë́</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">i
bak-ó̱-n-ó̱=pa </font></span></font></font><font face="Cambria, serif">!</font></font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" align="left">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">neg</span> 3 <font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2">take.away</font></font>-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sbj</span>-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">mid</span>-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sbj</span>=</font></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">fav</span></font></p><p> ‘<font face="Cambria, serif">Let
it not
be taken away !’</font></p><p><font face="Cambria, serif">In a
subordinate clause:</font></p>
<ol>
<li><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><a name="m_-2109718738639942723_m_-7489839403748840808___RefNumPara__3278621_1223437824"></a><font color="#008000"><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">Ma̱</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">kú̱ jé
w-ó̱=pa kí̱</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">=</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ka, bá
së́-r=mi̱</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">rä</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">báá.</font></span></font></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" align="left">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2">[2.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">erg</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">d.med</span> do1-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sbj</span>=</font></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">fav</span></font><font face="Cambria, serif"><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant:small-caps"></span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">sup=lat</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">]</span> 2.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span> feel:<span style="font-variant:small-caps">non</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">-mid</span>(<span style="font-variant:small-caps">ipfv</span>)=<span style="font-variant:small-caps"><font>pot</font></span>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">tsa</span> nice</font></font></p><p> ‘<font face="Cambria, serif">Once</font><font face="Cambria, serif">
you would </font><font face="Cambria, serif">have </font><font face="Cambria, serif">conveniently</font><font face="Cambria, serif">
</font><font face="Cambria, serif">do</font><font face="Cambria, serif">ne</font><font face="Cambria, serif">
that</font><font face="Cambria, serif">, you </font><font face="Cambria, serif">might
have felt</font><font face="Cambria, serif"> good</font><font face="Cambria, serif">.’</font></p><p><font face="Cambria, serif">In an
interrogative sentence:</font></p>
<ol>
<li><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid" lang="zxx" align="left"><a name="m_-2109718738639942723_m_-7489839403748840808___RefNumPara__636698_3340814270"></a> <font color="#008000">… i te i sh-á=k<font face="Cambria, serif">á̱
</font><font face="Cambria, serif">ijé w</font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ä́</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">=</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">n</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">a̠ </font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">i ju</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">ë́-n-</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">á̱</font></span></font></font><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif"><span lang="zxx"><font face="Cambria, serif">=pa jé=ra ...</font></span></font></font></font></p>
</li>
</ol><p style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid" align="left">
<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><font face="Cambria, serif">
</font><font face="Cambria, serif">3 </font><span style="font-variant:small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">erg</font></span><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font><font face="Cambria, serif">3 </font><font face="Cambria, serif">say-</font><span style="font-variant:small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">pfv=asc</font></span><font face="Cambria, serif"> [3.</font><span style="font-variant:small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">ps</font></span><font face="Cambria, serif"> face</font><font face="Cambria, serif">=</font><span style="font-variant:small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">in</font></span><font face="Cambria, serif"> 3 see</font><font face="Cambria, serif">2</font><font face="Cambria, serif">-</font><span style="font-variant:small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">mid=</font></span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">fav</span></font><font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><font face="Cambria, serif"> </font><span style="font-variant:small-caps"><font face="Cambria, serif">d.med=tmp]</font></span></font></p><p> ‘…<font face="Cambria, serif">
they
</font><font face="Cambria, serif">added: “Does he perhaps know?”</font><font face="Cambria, serif">
...</font><font face="Cambria, serif">’ (Historia p. 8)</font></p><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>
<br></div>
The subjunctive sentences would be imperatives and jussives without
<i>pa</i> and are attenuated by it. I have never seen such a thing
before; and since it is so unfamiliar, I cannot even translate it
well into English. I had at first called it 'optative'. There is,
however, a different particle with illocutionary force which
converts a subjunctive sentence into an optative sentence ('Would
that S!'), where S may or may not contain <i>pa</i>.<br>
<br>
I don't expect anybody to come up with an analysis of <i>pa</i> on
the basis of the above examples. My question is: Has anybody ever
seen such a thing? And if so, how did you call it? I am not
particularly happy with my (or rather, my coauthor Guillermo's) most
recent neologism 'favorative'.<br>
<br>
-- <br>
<div><p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
<table style="font-size:80%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Tel.:</td>
<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E-Post:</td>
<td><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de" target="_blank">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Web:</td>
<td><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/" target="_blank">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
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