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<p>You may have a look at Katarzyna Janic's project on P-demotion in
typological perspective (see
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://wn.amu.edu.pl/sprawy-naukowe/projekty/katarzyna-janic,-towards-grammatical-iconicity-of-language-a-crosslinguistic-study-of-p-demotion-constructions">https://wn.amu.edu.pl/sprawy-naukowe/projekty/katarzyna-janic,-towards-grammatical-iconicity-of-language-a-crosslinguistic-study-of-p-demotion-constructions</a>),
e.g. <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://czasopisma.uph.edu.pl/index.php/contemporary/article/view/1846">this
paper</a>. She discusses incorporation in connection with
P-demotion.</p>
<p>It depends of course on the definition of "demotion". In my 2022
paper on valency and voice constructions, I limit the term to
situations where a core argument becomes an oblique argument (see
the glossary here: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/005941">https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/005941</a>). This is
probably all we need, as there is no "subject-to-object demotion",
or "argument-to-adjunct demotion" (passive agents are oblique
arguments, not adjuncts).</p>
<p>And it depends on the definition of "incorporation". For a long
time, I was pessimistic about defining this term (as <a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://dlc.hypotheses.org/135">in
this older blogpost</a>), but more recently, I proposed that it
is defined as a type of compounding (see
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://zenodo.org/record/8137251">https://zenodo.org/record/8137251</a>), and I would agree with
Guillaume Jacques that there can be both saturating and
non-staturating incorporation. The term "incorporation" is used in
different ways in the literature, but if you adopt my definition
of "compounding", then there can be different effects on the
valency.</p>
<p>Best,</p>
<p>Martin<br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 09.10.23 20:41, Guillaume Jacques
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAAzt3zapaQRFevJYmTs4+D_9wPpqJVYkm9uNq4JCMVLZQCfEiA@mail.gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">Dear Christian,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I think that it would depend on the type of incorporation
-- non-saturating incorporation is not, but when the
incorporated noun corresponds to the object of the base
verb, resulting in an intransitive incorporating verb, I
think that we can argue that object incorporation is a
antipassivization strategy (this is what I proposed in the
following chapter: <a
href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.130.13jac"
moz-do-not-send="true">Chapter 13. Antipassive derivations
in Sino-Tibetan/Trans-Himalayan and their sources
(benjamins.com)</a>; I can provide a PDF upon request).
From a diachronic point of view, Southern Kiranti languages
such as Puma and Bantawa offer interesting examples of
antipassive prefixes originating from an incorporated
generic noun kʰa-.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best wishes,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Guillaume</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Le lun. 9 oct. 2023 à 18:12,
Christian Lehmann <<a
href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>>
a écrit :<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div> I have a partly conceptual, partly terminological
question: Do you know of any substantive arguments to decide
the question whether incorporation may be considered a form
of demotion? To explain:<br>
<br>
A hierarchy of syntactic functions along the lines of
'subject - direct object - indirect object - other
complement - adjunct' is assumed. Demotion is by definition
the shift of an actant (some people prefer 'argument') from
its (relatively high) position to a lower position on this
hierarchy.The shift is generally accompanied by occupying
the freed position by something else, so the demoted actant
is "ousted".<br>
<br>
Since the incorporated position of a nominal expression is
not a syntactic function (but rather a morphological one),
the straightforward answer to the introductory question
would be 'no'. However:<br>
<ul>
<li>There is no sharp boundary between syntax and
morphology, so a gradience that starts in the syntax
might end in the morphology.</li>
<li>Something occupying a relatively low hierarchical
position generally becomes optional. If it is omitted,
it somehow disappears from the syntactic structure. This
could also be said of an incorporated nominal.</li>
<li>An incorporated nominal often frees its syntactic
position - generally, the direct-object or absolutive
position -, so this may be occupied by something else.
Thus, in ergative syntax, if the undergoer is
incorporated, the actor does not remain in the ergative,
but becomes the absolutive actant.</li>
</ul>
So there would at least seem to be some similarity between
demotion (of a direct object or absolutive actant) and its
incorporation. If demotion is not the appropriate cover
term, should I subsume both phenomena under something else?<br>
<div>-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
<table style="font-size:80%">
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<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E-Post:</td>
<td><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
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<td>Web:</td>
<td><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
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<br clear="all">
<div><br>
</div>
<span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br>
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>Guillaume Jacques</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Directeur de recherches<br>
CNRS (CRLAO) - EPHE- INALCO <br>
</div>
<div><a
href="https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=1XCp2-oAAAAJ&hl=fr"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=1XCp2-oAAAAJ&hl=fr</a><br>
</div>
<div><a href="http://cnrs.academia.edu/GuillaumeJacques"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/295</a></div>
<div>
<div><a href="http://panchr.hypotheses.org/" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">http://panchr.hypotheses.org/</a></div>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/">https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/</a></pre>
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