<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">On Tok Pisin; the fate of '[t]he subject pronoun<span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>he</i>' is fully sealed in Sandaun province. In standard Tok Pisin verbs appear with <i>i</i> when they occur with a subject that is not 1SG or 2SG:</div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div><i>mi sindaun</i> 'I sit'</div><div><i>yu sindaun</i> 'you sit'</div><div><i>em i sindaun</i> 's/he sits'</div><div><i>mipela i</i> <i>sindaun</i> 'we sit'</div><div><i>yumi i sindaun</i> 'we.INCL sit'</div><div><i>yupla i</i> <i>sindaun</i> 'you.PL sit'</div><div><i>ol i sindaun</i> 'they sit'</div><div><br></div><div>This suggests some minimal set of agreement features being bourn by <i>i</i>.</div><div>In Sandaun province the paradigm is extended:</div><div><br></div><div><div><i>mi i sindaun</i> 'I sit'</div><div><i>yu i sindaun</i> 'you sit'</div><div><i>em i sindaun</i> 's/he sits'</div><div><i>mipla i sindaun</i> 'we sit'</div><div><i>yupla i sindaun</i> 'you.PL sit'<br></div><div><i>ol i</i> <i>sindaun</i> 'they sit'</div><div><br></div><div>And argument could be made that this invariant syllable is better analysed as part of the verb root (<i>mi isindaun</i>, for example); the fact that it occurs on each verb in a complex construction (in Sandaun) adds to this argument.</div><div><br></div><div><i>yu i mas i go</i> / <i>yu imas igo</i> 'you must go'</div><div><br></div><div>The exception is that it does not appear in bare imperatives (<i>Sindaun!</i>, not <i>Isindaun!</i>, but see the preferred<i> Yu isindaun!</i>). If we allow for the possibility of a subtractive morpheme for the bare imperative, this would be a case of an agreement marker becoming fossilised on to all verbs.</div><div><br></div><div>-Mark</div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, 1 Dec 2023 at 03:13, Christian Lehmann <<a href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><u></u>
<div>
<p>Quoting from Lehmann 1982, §7.1:<br>
</p>
<p>"The English free object pronoun <i>him</i>
develops, in Tok Pisin, first into an agreement suffix of the verb
and then into an invariable marker of all transitive verbs (ex.
(55)). The subject pronoun <i>he</i> suffers a similar fate (see
Givón 1976, § 8.2. and Sankoff 1977) [becoming a verb marker]."</p>
<p>Lehmann, Christian 1982, “Universal and
typological aspects of agreement”. Seiler, Hansjakob &
Stachowiak, Franz Josef (eds.), <i>Apprehension. Das sprachliche
Erfassen von Gegenständen.</i> Teil II: Die Techniken und ihr
Zusammenhang in den Einzelsprachen. Tübingen: G. Narr (LUS, 1,
II); 201-267. <span style="white-space:nowrap">[ <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248224763_Universal_and_typological_aspects_of_agreement" target="_blank">download</a> ]</span></p>
<p><span style="white-space:nowrap">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
</span></p>
Am 30.11.2023 um 11:29 schrieb Juergen Bohnemeyer:<br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear
all – I’m passing along the following query from one of my
advisees, Jose Antonio Jodar Sánchez:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">“I
have been looking for references which talk about pronominal
affixes on verbs which have become fossilized and are now
part of the verb root. I checked Anna Siewierska’s book on
person but I could not find anything. Do you know of any?”<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">Presumably,
what Jose Antonio’s is looking for is above all citable
treatments. However, if the phenomenon hasn’t been dealt
with exhaustively (which it may not), I’m sure examples will
be helpful as well.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">Thanks!
– Juergen <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen
Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:rgb(0,120,212)">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
Web: </span><span><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:rgb(5,99,193)">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
<br>
</span><span style="color:black">Office
hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom
(Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light
Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><span><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>-- <u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset></fieldset>
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<div>-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
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