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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=IT link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>besides reconstructed forms according to Watkins’ law, which gives forms where the pronominal affixes have become part of some other affix or root inflectional modification (such as transitive, past tense) a few examples come to my mind where the affixes have become part of a specific lexical root, such as in Italian <i>aver-ci</i> (to have+locative) mentioned by Nigel Vincent and also <i>entrar-ci</i> (entrare+locative) ‘to enter in it’ > ‘to be relevant for’, which in popular Italian has turned into a single lexeme where the clitic does not move anymore (so the infinitive is <i>c’entrare</i> -<i>centrare </i>rather than <i>entrarci</i> and has become homophonous with <i>centrare</i> ‘to centre’).<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>These are some verbs in Old Irish, e.g.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>at-baill</span></i><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> ‘die’ (see eDIL headword <a href="https://dil.ie/search?q=at-bail*&search_in=headword">https://dil.ie/search?q=at-bail*&search_in=headword</a>), where -t- was originally a 3<sup>rd</sup> sg. Neuter object pronoun<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>In the history of Irish there are quite a few documented cases where the object morpheme (so-called infix) has become part of the lexeme, e.g.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>ad-</span><i><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>c</span></i><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>í</span></em><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> ‘see’ has become <i>at-ch</i></span><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>í</span></em><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none;font-style:normal'>, with again neuter object infix (<a href="https://dil.ie/search?q=ad-ci&search_in=headword">https://dil.ie/search?q=ad-ci&search_in=headword</a>, McCone 1997: 172 ff., where other cases of frequent verbs, such as ‘say’, are described)<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p class=MsoNormal><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none;font-style:normal'>Note that the first example is old, while the examples described by McCone are later and belong to a period (Middle Irish) when the Neuter gender is being lost.<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p class=MsoNormal><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none;font-style:normal'>Best,<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p class=MsoNormal><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none;font-style:normal'>Elisa<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p class=MsoNormal><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none;font-style:normal'><o:p> </o:p></span></em></p><p class=MsoNormal><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none;font-style:normal'>References<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p class=MsoNormal><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none;font-style:normal'>eDIL = </span></em><span lang=EN-GB style='color:#333333;background:white'>eDIL 2019: <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>An Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</span></em>, based on the Contributions to a Dictionary of the Irish Language (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1913-1976) (</span><span style='color:#333333;background:white'><a href="http://www.dil.ie"><span lang=EN-GB>www.dil.ie</span></a></span><span lang=EN-GB style='color:#333333;background:white'> 2019). [Accessed on 1-12-23].<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='color:#333333;background:white'>McCone 1997 = Kim McCone, <i>The Early Irish Verb</i>. Maynooth, An Sagart 1997 [2<sup>nd</sup> edition, 1<sup>st</sup> edition 1987].<em><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;font-style:normal'><o:p></o:p></span></em></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none;font-style:normal'><o:p> </o:p></span></em></p><p class=MsoNormal><em><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none;font-style:normal'><o:p> </o:p></span></em></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-ligatures:none'>Elisa Roma<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-ligatures:none'>Associate professor of Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-ligatures:none'>Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-ligatures:none'>Universitŕ di Pavia<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-ligatures:none'>elisa.roma@unipv.it<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='mso-ligatures:none'>Da:</span></b><span style='mso-ligatures:none'> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> <b>Per conto di </b>Juergen Bohnemeyer<br><b>Inviato:</b> giovedě 30 novembre 2023 12.30<br><b>A:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br><b>Oggetto:</b> [Lingtyp] Indexes fossilizing<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"'>Dear all – I’m passing along the following query from one of my advisees, Jose Antonio Jodar Sánchez:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"'>“I have been looking for references which talk about pronominal affixes on verbs which have become fossilized and are now part of the verb root. I checked Anna Siewierska’s book on person but I could not find anything. Do you know of any?”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"'>Presumably, what Jose Antonio’s is looking for is above all citable treatments. However, if the phenomenon hasn’t been dealt with exhaustively (which it may not), I’m sure examples will be helpful as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"'>Thanks! – Juergen <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ligatures:none'>Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>University at Buffalo <br><br>Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>Email: </span><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0078D4;mso-ligatures:none'>jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ligatures:none'><br>Web: </span><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none'>http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ligatures:none'> <br><br></span><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-ligatures:none'>Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ligatures:none'><br><br>There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>(Leonard Cohen) </span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ligatures:none'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ligatures:none'>-- <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=DE><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>