<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Erzya (Mordvinic branch, Uralic) uses the affirmative strategy where the questioned constituent is repeated, e.g.: <div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">[personal knowledge]</div><div class="">(1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><i class="">Ton<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>kudosat?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>—<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Kudosan.</i></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>2sg<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>home:ine:prs:2sg<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>home:ine:prs:1sg</div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>‘Are you at home? — I am at home. (~ At home ~ Yes.)'<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></div><div class="">(2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><i class="">T’e<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>vasolo?<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>—<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Vasolo.</i></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>dem.prox<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>far.away<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>far.away</div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>‘Is this far away? — (It’s) far away.’</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Many native speakers would indicate it as the most basic way of expressing affirmation. Otherwise, the manner demonstrative <i class="">ist’a</i> ’so’ can also be used, or the Russian loan <i class="">da </i>(cf. <a href="https://www.eki.ee/dict/ersa/index.cgi?Q=jah&F=M&C06=en" class="">https://www.eki.ee/dict/ersa/index.cgi?Q=jah&F=M&C06=en</a>) but there is no equivalent of the affirmative particle/interjection ‘yes’.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Best wishes from Tartu, </div><div class="">Denys Teptiuk</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""> </div><div class=""><br class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 13. Dec 2023, at 12:38, Hartmut Haberland <<a href="mailto:hartmut@ruc.dk" class="">hartmut@ruc.dk</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta charset="UTF-8" class=""><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""></div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">In colloquial German I could imagine repetition of the auxiliary or the use of tun ‘to du’ in affirmative answers:</div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">Hat Claudia eine Pizza gegessen?</div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">Hat sie.</div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">Ist Claudia gegangen?</div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">Ist sie.</div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">and even</div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">Isst Claudia ihre Pizza?</div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">Tut sie.</div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">but not</div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">*Isst sie.</div><div dir="ltr" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="">Den 13. dec. 2023 kl. 09.57 skrev Juergen Bohnemeyer <<a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" class="">jb77@buffalo.edu</a>>:<br class=""><br class=""></blockquote></div><blockquote type="cite" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1;"><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Dear all – Yucatec has several strategies for affirmative answers to polar questions. The following example illustrates the three strategies I encounter regularly:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.5in;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><span class="">(1)<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">[A has described a photo for B, who is supposed to pick the matching photo out of a set of 12]<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">T-a=kax-t-ah le=fòoto=o’?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">PRV-A2=search/find-APP-CMP(B3SG) DEF=photo=D2<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">‘Did you find the photo?’<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><ol start="1" type="a" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in;" class=""><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">T-<b class="">in=</b>kax-t-ah!<o:p class=""></o:p></span></li></ol><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">PRV-<b class="">A1SG-</b>search/find-APP-CMP(B3SG)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">‘I have!’ (lit. I found it)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><ol start="2" type="a" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in;" class=""><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Bèey=o’!<o:p class=""></o:p></span></li></ol><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">SIMIL(B3SG)=D2<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">‘Yep!’ (lit. It is so)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><ol start="3" type="a" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in;" class=""><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Hàah!<o:p class=""></o:p></span></li></ol><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">true(B3SG)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">‘Uhuh!’ (lit. It’s the truth)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Without having actually checked the numbers, my impression is that (a) is by far the most frequent strategy in this particular context. The other two strategies may however each have types of contexts in which they are the default choice – IDK.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">The strategy in (1a) involves repetition of the focus constituent, but with adjustment of deictic perspective. This is already illustrated in (1a). (2), an example from a text recorded by Christian Lehmann (which I’m however quoting here from memory), features a cleft with a pronoun in focus:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.5in;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><span class="">(2)<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><b class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Tèech</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">=wáah le=k-a=k’àay=a’, mùuch? – <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">Tèen!</b><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">you</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">(B3SG)=ALT DEF=IMPF-A2=sing=D2 frog <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">me</b>(B3SG)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">‘Is it you who is singing here, frog?’ – ‘It’s me!’<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">HTH! – Juergen<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br class="">Professor, Department of Linguistics<br class="">University at Buffalo <br class=""><br class="">Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br class="">Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br class="">Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br class="">Fax: (716) 645 3825<br class="">Email: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 120, 212);" class="">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica;" class=""><br class="">Web: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class="">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica;" class=""> <br class=""><br class=""></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica;" class=""><br class=""><br class="">There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br class="">(Leonard Cohen) </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">-- <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div id="mail-editor-reference-message-container" class=""><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(181, 196, 223); padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">From:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Ilana Mushin <<a href="mailto:i.mushin@uq.edu.au" class="">i.mushin@uq.edu.au</a>><br class=""><b class="">Date:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Wednesday, December 13, 2023 at 08:45<br class=""><b class="">To:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Jocelyn Aznar <<a href="mailto:contact@jocelynaznar.eu" class="">contact@jocelynaznar.eu</a>>, <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Re: [Lingtyp] REQUEST<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> It may not necessarily be a verb that is repeated. Garrwa also has ‘yes’ and ‘no’ responses in the repertoire of responses to polar questions.</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">-- </span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Ilana Mushin FAHA</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Professor of Linguistics</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Deputy Head of School</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Linguistics Major Convener</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><span id="cid:image001.png@01DA2DE7.AA780AA0"><image001.png></span>Co-Editor, <i class="">Interactional Linguistics</i> (</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/benjamins.com/catalog/il__;!!NVzLfOphnbDXSw!XIVG-R7E5WzAx0G3QYgTrakJEOa6L2OdXXKg1Lg7jusPiNeWF9btUHYhJlpCXsRdPeQ$" title="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://benjamins.com/catalog/il__;!!NVzLfOphnbDXSw!XIVG-R7E5WzAx0G3QYgTrakJEOa6L2OdXXKg1Lg7jusPiNeWF9btUHYhJlpCXsRdPeQ$" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class="">https://benjamins.com/catalog/il</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">) </span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;" class="">School of Languages and Cultures</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;" class="">University of Queensland</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;" class="">St Lucia, QLD 4072.</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Ph: (07) 3365 6810</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10.5pt;" class="">CRICOS Provider No: 00025B</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><b class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Apple Chancery";" class="">I acknowledge the Jagera and Turrbal peoples on whose land I live and work. Their sovereignty was never ceded.</span></b><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""> </span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div id="mail-editor-reference-message-container" class=""><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(181, 196, 223); padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">From:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Jocelyn Aznar <<a href="mailto:contact@jocelynaznar.eu" class="">contact@jocelynaznar.eu</a>><br class=""><b class="">Date:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Wednesday, 13 December 2023 at 5:08 pm<br class=""><b class="">To:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Re: [Lingtyp] REQUEST</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Well, I cannot imagine just echoing the verb in French for a yes/no<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">answer. If I were to do it, either there would be a gesture marking the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">yes or no, then no problem, or it would be quite marked, and it would do<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">something else than answering the yes/no question.<br class=""><br class="">Jocelyn<br class=""><br class="">Le 13/12/2023 à 01:27, Ilana Mushin a écrit :<br class="">> I agree with Paul Hopper here. I’d be surprised if there was a language<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> where you COULDN’T express affirmation by repetition. There’s work in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Conversation Analysis that suggests this. Tanya Stivers (2023) ‘The Book<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> of Answers’ OUP would be a good starting point.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> I was just yesterday transcribing some Garrwa (Northern Australian,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> non-Pama-Nyungan) conversations, and came across affirmative repetition<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> answers in the 5 minutes or so that I transcribed.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Ilana<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> --<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Ilana Mushin FAHA<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Professor of Linguistics<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Deputy Head of School<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Linguistics Major Convener<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> /var/folders/lv/m77kqy0n4x1_rcd3pk0j2n900000gq/T/com.microsoft.Outlook/WebArchiveCopyPasteTempFiles/il.pb.pngCo-Editor, /Interactional Linguistics/ (<a href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/il" class="">https://benjamins.com/catalog/il</a> <</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/benjamins.com/catalog/il__;!!NVzLfOphnbDXSw!XIVG-R7E5WzAx0G3QYgTrakJEOa6L2OdXXKg1Lg7jusPiNeWF9btUHYhJlpCXsRdPeQ$" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/benjamins.com/catalog/il__;!!NVzLfOphnbDXSw!XIVG-R7E5WzAx0G3QYgTrakJEOa6L2OdXXKg1Lg7jusPiNeWF9btUHYhJlpCXsRdPeQ$</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">>)<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> School of Languages and Cultures<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> University of Queensland<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> St Lucia, QLD 4072.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Ph: (07) 3365 6810<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> CRICOS Provider No: 00025B<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> *I acknowledge the Jagera and Turrbal peoples on whose land I live and<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> work. Their sovereignty was never ceded.*<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> *From: *Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Peter Arkadiev <<a href="mailto:peterarkadiev@yandex.ru" class="">peterarkadiev@yandex.ru</a>><br class="">> *Date: *Wednesday, 13 December 2023 at 1:24 am<br class="">> *To: *Paul Hopper <<a href="mailto:hopper@cmu.edu" class="">hopper@cmu.edu</a>>, Edoardo Nardi <<a href="mailto:e.nardi@unimarconi.it" class="">e.nardi@unimarconi.it</a>><br class="">> *Cc: *<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">> *Subject: *Re: [Lingtyp] REQUEST<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Dear All,<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> I am wondering if Anders Holmberg's 2016 book "The Syntax of Yes and No"<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> (OUP) might be relevant for this discussion.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Best regards,<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Peter<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> 12.12.2023, 17:39, "Paul Hopper" <<a href="mailto:hopper@cmu.edu" class="">hopper@cmu.edu</a>>:<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> An alternative formulation might be: which languages have particles<br class="">> that are specialized for affirmative or negative responses such as<br class="">> yes and no, and how common is this once areal phenomena are included.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Paul<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> On Tue, Dec 12, 2023 at 7:17 AM Edoardo Nardi <<a href="mailto:e.nardi@unimarconi.it" class="">e.nardi@unimarconi.it</a><br class="">> <</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="mailto:e.nardi@unimarconi.it" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">mailto:e.nardi@unimarconi.it</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">>> wrote:<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Dear Fang,<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> In Italian, at least in the north-eastern Tuscany varieties<br class="">> (i.e. Florence and neighboring areas), we have that kind of<br class="">> construction, though not particularly frequent and characterize<br class="">> by the following features:<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> - pragmatically marked meaning (simple emphasis);<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> - usually, specific prosody;<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> - usually, repetition of the verb.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> For example:<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Question: /Che _mangia_ i’ figliolo?/ ‘is the child _eating_?’<br class="">> (lit. ‘that _eats_ the child?’)<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Answer: /mangia (mangia)/ (lit. ‘eats, eats’) = ‘yes (indeed)’<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> I would say that it is possible in Florentine, but only under<br class="">> the mentioned specific conditions; that is, it is not a<br class="">> “standard” construction.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Hope this helps!<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Best wishes,<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Edoardo Nardi, Ph.D.<br class="">> Professor of Linguistics and Ancient Greek Language<br class="">> Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi (Rome)<br class="">> <a href="mailto:e.nardi@unimarconi.it" class="">e.nardi@unimarconi.it</a> <</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="mailto:e.nardi@unimarconi.it" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">mailto:e.nardi@unimarconi.it</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Il giorno 12 dic 2023, alle ore 12:52, Hongmei Fang<br class="">> <<a href="mailto:hongmei.fang01@gmail.com" class="">hongmei.fang01@gmail.com</a> <</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="mailto:hongmei.fang01@gmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">mailto:hongmei.fang01@gmail.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">>><br class="">> ha scritto:<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Please distribute the following message. Thanks!<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Dear all,<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> I am investigating echo answers, i.e. answers that repeat a<br class="">> fragment part of the polar question that they are responding<br class="">> to. In the following example from Finnish the verb from the<br class="">> question is repeated to mean 'yes'.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Question: /Osaa-ko Liisa puhua ranskaa?/<br class="">> Can-Q Liisa speak French<br class="">> ‘Can Liisa speak French?’<br class="">> Answer: /Osaa/<br class="">> can<br class="">> ‘Yes.’<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> I am looking for specialists and/or native speakers of<br class="">> languages exhibiting this phenomenon who are willing to<br class="">> provide information.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> I have collected data on some languages such as Finnish,<br class="">> Russian, Korean, Chinese, Portuguese, Thai, etc. I am<br class="">> expecting more.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Examples of other languages which have been reported to have<br class="">> echo answers are:<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Aguaruna, Atong, Bandial, Bunaq, Chaha, Chickasaw, Chol,<br class="">> Evenki, Garifuna, Georgian, Gwa, Harari, Hindi, Hixkaryana,<br class="">> Hup, Imbabura Quechua, Kannada, Kobon, Latin, Malayalam,<br class="">> Marathi, Mauwake, Mualang, Rapanui, Semelai, Tamil,<br class="">> Tigrinya, Vietnamese, West Greenlandic, Wai Wai, Wari, Yeli<br class="">> Dnye, Yuyuca.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> But if your language is not in this list but does exhibit<br class="">> echo answers, I would be equally interested.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Thanking you in advance for your reactions, which you can<br class="">> send to the email address below:<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> <a href="mailto:h.m.fang@uva.nl" class="">h.m.fang@uva.nl</a> <</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="mailto:h.m.fang@uva.nl" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">mailto:h.m.fang@uva.nl</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Best regards,<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Hongmei Fang<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> /Postdoctoral researcher//<br class="">> /University of Amsterdam/<br class="">> /Spuistraat 210, 1012 VB/<br class="">> /Amsterdam, The Netherlands//<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> _______________________________________________<br class="">> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">> <</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">><br class="">> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> /<</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://www.unimarconi.it/" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://www.unimarconi.it/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">>/<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> /<</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://www.facebook.com/unimarconi/%3E%3Chttps:/www.instagram.com/unimarconi/%3E%3Chttps:/it.linkedin.com/school/universit%C3%A0-degli-studi-guglielmo-marconi/%3E%3Chttps:/www.youtube.com/user/unimarconi%3E%3Chttps:/twitter.com/Uni_Marconi%3E%3Chttps:/www.tiktok.com/@unimarconi%3E%3Chttps:/t.me/unimarconiofficial" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://www.facebook.com/unimarconi/><https://www.instagram.com/unimarconi/><https://it.linkedin.com/school/universit%C3%A0-degli-studi-guglielmo-marconi/><https://www.youtube.com/user/unimarconi><https://twitter.com/Uni_Marconi><https://www.tiktok.com/@unimarconi><https://t.me/unimarconiofficial</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">>/<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> /______________________________________/<br class="">> /Le informazioni contenute nel presente messaggio di posta<br class="">> elettronica e negli eventuali allegati possono avere carattere<br class="">> confidenziale e/o riservato. E', pertanto, vietato ai soggetti<br class="">> diversi dal destinatario del messaggio, utilizzare, modificare,<br class="">> copiare, trasmettere o diffondere tali informazioni. Qualora<br class="">> abbiate ricevuto il presente messaggio per errore, siete pregati<br class="">> di darne immediata notizia al mittente e di procedere alla<br class="">> distruzione del messaggio stesso, cancellandolo dai Vostri<br class="">> sistemi informativi.//<br class="">> /La diffusione, la distribuzione e/o la copiatura del messaggio<br class="">> trasmesso da parte di qualsiasi soggetto diverso dal<br class="">> destinatario è proibita sia ai sensi dell'art. 616 c.p. sia ai<br class="">> sensi del D.Lgs. n. 196/2003 e del Regolamento (UE) 2016/679./<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> //The information contained in this e-mail message and in any<br class="">> attachments may be confidential and / or privileged. It is<br class="">> therefore forbidden for persons or entities other than the<br class="">> recipient of the message, to use, modify, copy, transmit or<br class="">> disseminate this information. If you have received this message<br class="">> in error, please inform the sender immediately and proceed with<br class="">> the destruction of the message, deleting it from your<br class="">> information systems.//<br class="">> //The dissemination, distribution and / or copying of the<br class="">> message transmitted by any person other than the recipient is<br class="">> prohibited both pursuant to art. 616 of the italian penal code<br class="">> both pursuant to Legislative Decree no. 196/2003 and (EU)<br class="">> Regulation 2016/679./<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> _______________________________________________<br class="">> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">> <</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">><br class="">> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> --<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> __________<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Paul J. Hopper<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Paul Mellon Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Humanities<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Department of English<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Dietrich College of Humanities & Social Sciences<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Carnegie Mellon University<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> ,<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> _______________________________________________<br class="">> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">> <</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">><br class="">> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><br class="">> <</span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> --<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> Peter Arkadiev, PhD Habil.<br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://peterarkadiev.github.io/" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://peterarkadiev.github.io/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">> _______________________________________________<br class="">> Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;" class=""><br class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Lingtyp mailing list<br class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class=""></span><span lang="EN-AU" class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="">_______________________________________________</span><br class=""><span class="">Lingtyp mailing list</span><br class=""><span class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a></span><br class=""><span class=""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></span><br class=""></div></blockquote><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">_______________________________________________</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Lingtyp mailing list</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; 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text-decoration: underline; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></body></html>